Market Force Description and Analysis of Impact on Product Services Essay

Communications-Security System Services-These devices and systems have a wide range, specifically, home and car. The demand is driven partly by home sales, new home construction and office construction. Most security systems like Brink Security have warning decals on the windows or in the yard to advertise. Commercial marketing usually consist of a direct sales force that call on owners and operators of commercial building companies that provide security monitoring services often have large account recieveable and credit problems with payments from subscribers, defective or poorly installed equipment or poor service, can have expensive consequences and Law suit risk in false alarms and frequent investment in new technology, The demand for residential and commercial construction and sales, need is in customer service and product, the companies increase their and systems and services by going to the senior citizens and dual income families. In their growth over the next 10 years included will be monitoring and security systems that include devices that measure environment factors, such as humility and quality of air and water. Healthcare-Nursing Home and Assisted Living-over 5 million elderly, mentally ill and, other physically and mentally challenged people need healthcare. The healthcare industry provide long-term care , includes onsite healthcare, counseling, medication dispensing, may become more prevalent. Demand for residential care facilities will grow as the baby boomers age, spurring investments in new construction, upgrades for existing facilities, additional beds, labor and services. The healthcare facilities industry faces a nurse shortage and is pressuring colleges to graduate nurses. To overcome threats, in the nursing facilities background checks, monitoring of the patients making sure they are changed, bath, and fed, also for the ones in assisted living, this is to insure that injuries to the elderly are not caused. The rise in Healthcare has risen by 80 percent. The risk with healthcare is that is not being made affordable and the premiums have sky rocketed, to were the elderly have a hard time getting the medicine and supplies. I do have love ones in the Nursing Home, and when I go and visit, I see the elderly just sitting there, not one of the staff takes time to ask them if they want to be moved, or just to check on them, some do not get bath until the end of the day, and there clothes are soiled, it is like they have been thrown away, The strategies I would use would to be train nurses aid how to care and properly change and check on the patient, there tone of voice used, close supervision of the elderly. General Business-Laundry Detergent-In the U. S. oap and detergent has over 650 companies worldwide. Detergent is packaged in cartons, bottles, pouches, or bags. The growth rate is low, because there are new and cheaper products available. One company is Proctor and Gamble, they are a household name they serve 180 countries, they strive and produce, superior quality and values, that improve the lives of the Consumer’s. Demand for soap and detergent result in wide swings in production, capacity planning is difficult. Challenges P&G face is the manufacter must comply with different state and country environmental regulations. The soap and detergent industry will impact the nation because its represented in over 145 nations, the marketing of such companies as P&G has been proven to be the best in strategy brands most important to retailers, strong business , and fundamentalist. In using, Gain and Tide, they over the consumer dye free and perfume free products, as well as the different soaps. The soap and detergent companies have Capitalized on opportunities by, having antibacterical hand soaps and bath soaps. Another stragedy that these companies have utilized is environmental friendly products, that are safe for our environment. Let’s take soap its used for animals and people and washing cars, and just about everything. Many big companies, do not see the threat of little companies with products such as Power Soaps and detergents this company is out of South India, they spend a lot of money on advertising. Marketing plays the pivotal role in making or breaking any product or service. In my closing, I will sum up all three subjects starting with the Security.

Methods of Performance Appraisal

Q1 . Distinguish between ‘Performance Appraisal’ and the†potentialAppraisal’. Also discuss, in bief, the methods of performance appraisal. Ans. A performance appraisal system judges the performance of an employee over a given period of time. It is an indication of how he has performed in the PAST, but may necessarily not be an indication of his performance in the future. Depending on his past performance, a person is rewarded suitable with an appropriate cash incentive or bonus. A potential appraisal system is done to judge the capability of the person for a future role, meaning you are trying to assess a person to see whether he has the necessary skills, aptitude, attitude and competency for an increased level of responsibility and accountability or a leadership role. It can be enhanced with giving him specific T & D, or assigning him a mentor. You are trying to judge his FUTURE performance based on the potential appraisal. Methods of Performance Appraisal The performance appraisal methods may be classified into three categories, as shown in Figure below. [pic] Individual Evaluation Methods Under the individual evaluation methods of merit rating, employees are evaluated one at a time without comparing them with other employees in the organization. 1. Confidential report: It is mostly used in government organizations. It is a descriptive report prepared, generally at the end of every year, by the employee’s immediate superior. The report highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the subordinate. The report is not data based. The impressions of the superior about the subordinate are merely recorded there. It does not offer any feedback to the appraisee. The appraisee is not very sure about why his ratings have fallen despite his best efforts, why others are rated high when compared to him, how to rectify his mistakes, if any; on what basis he is going to be evaluated next year, etc. Since the report is generally not made public and hence no feedback is available, the subjective nalysis of the superior is likely to be hotly contested. In recent years, due to pressure from courts and trade unions, the details of a negative confidential report are given to the appraisee. 2. Essay evaluation: Under this method, the rater is asked to express the strong as well as weak points of the employee’s behavior. This technique is normally used with a combination of the graphic rating scale because the rater can elaborately present the scale by substantiating an explanation for his ra ting. While preparing the essay on the employee, the rater considers the following factors: (i) Job knowledge and potential of the employee; (ii) Employee’s understanding of the company’s programmes, policies, objectives, etc. ; (iii) The employee’s relations with co-workers and superiors; (iv) The employee’s general planning, organizing and controlling ability; (v) The attitudes and perceptions of the employee, in general. 3. Critical incident technique: Under this method, the manager prepares lists of statements of very effective and ineffective behavior of an employee. These critical incidents or events represent the outstanding or poor behavior of employees on the job. The manager maintains logs on each employee, whereby he periodically records critical incidents of the workers behavior. At the end of the rating period, these recorded critical incidents are used in the evaluation of the workers’ performance. 4. Checklists and weighted checklists: Another simple type of individual evaluation method is the checklist. A checklist represents, in its simplest form, a set of objectives or descriptive statements about the employee and his behavior. If the rater believes strongly that the employee possesses a particular listed trait, he checks the item; otherwise, he leaves the item blank. A more recent variation of the checklist method is the weighted list. Under this, the value of each question may be weighted equally or certain questions may be weighted more heavily than others. The following are some of the sample questions in the checklist. †¢ Is the employee really interested in the task assigned? Yes/No †¢ Is he respected by his colleagues (co-workers)Yes/No †¢ Does he give respect to his superiors? Yes/No †¢ Does he follow instructions properly? Yes/No †¢ Does he make mistakes frequently? Yes/No A rating score from the checklist helps the manager in evaluation of the performance of the employee. The checklist method has a serious limitation. (e)Graphic rating scale: Perhaps the most commonly used method of performance evaluation is the graphic rating scale. Of course, it is also one of the oldest methods of evaluation in use. Under this method, a printed form, as shown below, is used to evaluate the performance of an employee. A variety of traits may be used in these types of rating devices, the most common being the quantity and quality of work. The rating scales can also be adapted by including traits that the company considers important for effectiveness on the job. A model of a graphic rating scale is given below. Table: Typical Graphic Rating Scale Employee Name†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Job title †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Department †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Rate †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Data †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Quantity of work: Volume of work under normal |Unsatisfactory |Fair |Satisfactory |Good |Outstanding | |working conditions | | | | | | |Quality of work: Neatness, thoroughness and |   |   |   |   |   | |accuracy of work Knowledge of job | | | | | | |A clear understanding of the factors connected |   |   |   |   |   | |with the job | | | | | | | Attitude: Exhibits enthusiasm and |   |   |   |   |   | |cooperativeness on the job | | | | | | |Dependability: Conscientious, thorough, |   |   |   |   |   | |reliable, accurate, with respect to attendance, | | | | | | |reliefs, lunch breaks, etc. | | | | | | |Cooperation: Willingness and ability to work |   |   |   |   |   | |with others to produce desired goals. | | | | | | From the graphic rating scales, excerpts can be obtained about the performance standards of employees. For instance, if the employee has serious gaps in technical-professional knowledge (knows only rudimentary phases of job); lacks the knowledge to bring about an increase in productivity; is reluctant to make decisions on his own (on even when he makes decisions they are unreliable and substandard); declines to accept responsibility; fails to plan ahead effectively; wastes and misuses resources; etc. , then it can safely be inferred that the standards of the performance of the employee are dismal and disappointing. The rating scale is the most common method of evaluation of an employee’s performance today. One positive point in favor of the rating scale is that it is easy to understand, easy to use and permits a statistical tabulation of scores of employees. When ratings are objective in nature they can be effectively used as evaluators. The graphic rating scale may however suffer from a long standing disadvantage, i. e. , it may be arbitrary and the rating may be subjective. Another pitfall is that each characteristic is equally important in evaluation of the employee’s performance and so on. (f)Behaviorally anchored rating scales: Also known as the behavioral expectations scale, this method represents the latest innovation in performance appraisal. It is a combination of the rating scale and critical incident techniques of employee performance evaluation. The critical incidents serve as anchor statements on a scale and the rating form usually contains six to eight specifically defined performance dimensions. The following chart represents an example of a sales trainee’s competence and a behaviorally anchored rating scale. Table: An Example of Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (BARS) |Performance |Points |Behavior | |Extremely good |7 |Can expect trainee to make valuable suggestions for increased sales and to have | | | |positive relationships with customers all over the country. |Good |6 |Can expect to initiate creative ideas for improved sales. | |Above average |5 |Can expect to keep in touch with the customers throughout the year. | |Average |4 |Can manage, with difficulty, to deliver the goods in time. | |Below average |3 |Can expect to unload the trucks when asked by the supervisor. | |Poor |2 |Can expect to inform only a part of the customers. | |Extremely poor |1 |Can expect to take extended coffee breaks and roam around purposelessly. | How to construct BARS? Developing a BARS follows a general format which combines techniques employed in the critical incident method and weighted checklist ratings scales. Emphasis is pinpointed on pooling the thinking of people who will use the scales as both evaluators and evaluees. Step 1: Collect critical incidents: People with knowledge of the job to be probed, such as job holders and supervisors, describe specific examples of effective and ineffective behavior related to job performance. Step 2: Identify performance dimensions: The people assigned the task of developing the instrument cluster the incidents into a small set of key performance dimensions. Generally between five and ten dimensions account for most of the performance. Examples of performance dimensions include technical competence, relationships with customers, handling of paper work and meeting day-to-day deadlines. While developing varying levels of performance for each dimension (anchors), specific examples of behavior should be used, which could later be scaled in terms of good, average or below average performance. Step 3: Reclassification of incidents: Another group of participants who are knowledgeable about the job is instructed to retranslate or reclassify the critical incidents generated (in Step II) previously. They are given the definition of job dimension and told to assign each critical incident to the dimension that it best describes. At this stage, incidents for which there is not 75 per cent agreement are discarded as being too subjective. Step 4: Assigning scale values to the incidents: Each incident is then rated on a one-to-seven or one-to-nine scale with respect of how well it represents performance on the appropriate dimension. A rating of one represents ineffective performance; the top scale value indicates very effective performance. The second group of participants usually assigns the scale values. Means and standard deviations are then calculated for the scale values assigned to each incident. Typically incidents that have standard deviations of 1. 50 or less (on a 7-point scale) are retained. Step 5: Producing the final instrument: About six or seven incidents for each performance dimension – all having met both the retranslating and standard deviation criteria – will be used as behavioral anchors. The final BARS instrument consists of a series of vertical scales (one for each dimension) anchored (or measured) by the final incidents. Each incident is positioned on the scale according to its mean value. Because the above process typically requires considerable employee participation, its acceptance by both supervisors and their subordinates may be greater. Proponents of BARS also claim that such a system differentiates among behavior, performance and results and consequently is able to provide a basis for setting developmental goals for the employee. Because it is job-specific and identifies observable and measurable behavior, it is a more reliable and valid method for performance appraisal. (g)Forced choice method: This method was developed to eliminate bias and the preponderance of high ratings that might occur in some organizations. The primary purpose of the forced choice method is to correct the tendency of a rater to give consistently high or low ratings to all the employees. This method makes use of several sets of pair phrases, two of which may be positive and two negative and the rater is asked to indicate which of the four phrases is the most and least descriptive of a particular worker. Actually, the statement items are grounded in such a way that the rater cannot easily judge which statements apply to the most effective employee. The following box is a classic illustration of the forced choice items in organizations. Table: Forced Choice Items 1. LeastMost ADoes not anticipate difficultiesA BGrasps explanations easily and quicklyB CDoes not waste timeC DVery easy to talk toD 2. LeastMost ACan be a leaderA BWastes time on unproductive thingsB CAt all times, cool and calmC DSmart workerD The favorable qualities earn a plus credit and the unfavorable ones earn the reverse. The worker gets over plus when the positive factors override the negative ones or when one of the negative phrases is checked as being insignificantly rated. They overall objectivity is increased by using this method in evaluation of employee’s performance, because the rater does not know how high or low he is evaluating the individual as he has no access to the scoring key. This method, however, has a strong limitation. In the preparation of sets of phrases trained technicians are needed and as such the method becomes very expensive. Further, managers may feel frustrated rating the employees ‘in the dark’. Finally, the results of the forced choice method may not be useful for training employees because the rater himself does not know how he is evaluating the worker. In spite of these limitations, the forced choice techniques is quite popular. h)Management by Objectives (MBO): MBO represents a modern method of evaluating the performance of personnel. Thoughtful managers have become increasingly aware that the traditional performance evaluation systems are characterized by somewhat antagonistic judgments on the part of the rater. There is a growing feeling nowadays that it is better to make the superior work with subordinates in fixing goals. This would inevitably enable subordinates to exercise self-control over their performance behaviors. The concept of management by objectives is actually the outcome of the pioneering works of Drucker, McGregor and Odiorne in management science. Management by objectives can be described as â€Å"a process whereby the superior and subordinate managers of an organization jointly identify its common goals, define each individuals’ major areas of responsibility in terms of results expected of him and use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contributions of each of its members†. MBO thus represents more than an evaluation programme and process. Practicing management scientists and pedagogues view it as a philosophy of managerial practice; it is a method by which managers and subordinates plan, organize, control, communicate and debate. Features ? MBO emphasizes participatively set goals that are tangible, verifiable and measurable. MBO focuses attention on what must be accomplished (goals) rather than how it is to be accomplished (methods). ? MBO, by concentrating on key result areas translates the abstract philosophy of management into concrete phraseology. The technique can be put to general use (non-specialist technique). Further it is â€Å"a dynamic system which seeks to integrate the company’s need to clarify and achieve its profit and growth targets with the manager’s need to contribute and develop himself†. ? MBO is a systematic and rational technique that allows management to attain maximum results from available resources by focusing on achievable goals. It allows the subordinate plenty of room to make creative decisions on his own.

Innovation in Food and Beverage Outlet

Executive summary â€Å"CONCEPT SELLS AND NOT JUST THE FOOD† – the project is executed only because of the fact that the statement i just made holds true in today’s challenging world. With the progression of the food service industry over the ages, it is appropriate to define a food and beverage outlet as a commercial organisation whose primary objective is profitability by means of discharging food and beverage to a guest. Thus it can be stated that one of the amin motives of the existence of a food and beverage outlet is profitability. Over the years there has been a padigram shift, and it’s not about the food and beverage anymore but it is about the â€Å"whole experience. † Thus, in this project i intend to explore innovations in the food and beverage industry, the various kinds of Entertainment and Novel ideas introduced by restaurateur and see the evolution of the entertainment over the years with the global perspective. The list of activities that i intend to undertake is : Do a detailed research of the innovations that the various renowned outlets across the world have done inorder to attract customers and increase their sales. Visit and study various outlets in mumbai in reference with the innovations done. Study the in-house entertainment provided by the various outlets in mumbai like tendulkar’s, out of the blue, jazz by the bay etc. Take personal interviews of the restaurateurs. Analyse the data acquired. Based on the study, make recommendations for a basic outlet so as to increase its profit. As it is said that â€Å"nowadays people pay for the experience and not just for the food† and also the busy schedule does not allow them to go to different places for enetrtainment and food, combination of entertainment and good food is exactly what is required. Inorder to understand the concept better i am short listing some restaurants in mumbai which have used innovations to drive customers in and will give details of the same. However, does entertainment in a food and beverage outlet actually make a difference to the guest or the outlet? What are the diffrent forms of entertainment that a food and beverage outlet offers? What are the innovations used? These questions will be discussed in depth in the due course of the project.

Women swimming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Women swimming - Essay Example Several sport centres are coming up these days to help people introduce sports in their daily routine. The purpose of these centres is to expose and orient people to different kinds of sports and activities. One such sport community was visited by me. This is called Muslim Welfare House. The Muslim Welfare  House (MWH) is a community and sports centre in North London. It was founded in 1970 and is a registered charity since 1975. It was originally established to assist Muslim students coming to UK get education. However, over the years, the focus of the charity changed and the multi-purpose building began to serve a dual purpose of a mosque as well as a community centre. The centre provides all sorts of social, cultural, learning activities for more than 15 nationalities, ranging from Algerians and Somalis, to Pakistanis and Bangladeshis. The organization is managed by an Executive Director along with six full time and three part time staff members. A good number of volunteers also participate actively. The programmes and activities in the centre involve high quality, affordable sports and leisure activities for all members of the local community from the ages of 5-90 years and above. The sports include Karate, Football, Table tennis. The centre also has a gym for fitness. The current study was undertaken to study a specific sport in the centre and to assess the operation of the sport centre. The study further looked into various programmes and activities run by the centre. Prior to data collection, first step was familiarization with the centre by making a visit to the centre. Observation technique and interview method was used. This was further facilitated by discussions with the staff in the centre. A checklist for the observation was prepared to be used as a reference to observe the various activities in the centre. Observation of all the

Information Technology Management transformation Research Paper

Information Technology Management transformation - Research Paper Example This scenario has challenged Alcan’s senior management team to offer greater priority in the field of IT by deciding to create a position of Vice president in the company. This has, therefore, provided me an opportunity to join the Alcan Company as the CIO of the Corporate Information Technologies. As an engineer and IT consultant, I have trained and gained experience, for about forty years, in the Company hence giving me a better position to coordinate the company. According to my 2006 analysis on Alcan Company, I realized that it used IT management model which had a number of strength. For instance, it created and sold a variety of products such bauxite, sheet ingot, smelter grade alumina, wire ingot, beverage can sheet, extrusion billet, aluminum recycling services, automobile iron, flexible and specialist packaging, and fabricated products such as cable and wire. The model was also vertically integrated just like other key players found in its sector. It owed seven alumina refineries and specialist alumina plants, eight mines and deposits, 26 aluminum smelters, 17 laminated product plants, a transport network such as port and rail facilities, 12 electric power plants, 180 packaging material plants, and 49 engineered product plants. Alcan’s IT management model also had five groups with corresponding responsibilities. The first group dealt with development of corporate application which included fourteen resources divided among Paris, Montreal, Zurich, and Singen. The second group dealt with architecture and consisted of 3 resources with highly technical skills that corresponded to those of shared infrastructure and planning groups. The third group was responsible of finding solutions to information system. It was made up of sixty resources distributed among 5 different cities: Paris, Warmley, Issoire, Voreppe, and Neuf Brisach. The

Argument papers for ( dolphin slaughter) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Argument papers for ( dolphin slaughter) - Essay Example Dolphin slaughter returns for different reasons like money or food. And some Japanese do it for traditional reasons. With all respect to Japanese people and their culture, dolphin slaughters must be stopped; because humans are not the only smart beings in the world and human cannot decide who should live or who should die. And smart animals like dolphins deserve to live in peace. Additionally, killing dolphins yearly will eventually lead to extinction of dolphins. Humans are not the only smart beings in the world and human cannot decide who should live or who should die. Dolphins are smart. They are able to train and retain memory, and deep skive in waters without having gas embolism. The dolphins are able to follow gestures and voices and have a high learning ability. When moving around in the environment, the dolphins use ultrasounds to detect any disturbance. When on long distance, the dolphins use electromagnetic fields, to detect the path of movement. Dolphins have a big brain, about 1.7kgs. This size of the brain is compared to elephants. The difference is that for elephants, the intelligence capacity is lower than that of human beings. The brain of a dolphin is not only big, but also complex in its orientation. They have the ability to move in all directions whenever they sense danger, and are fast swimmers. This fast swimming ability helps them move very fast to and catch prey while maintaining a timely sensorial system. Their strong auditory development makes them smart since they can perceive large sound spectra, some which cannot be detected by human beings. Dolphins cannot go to sleep fully in water since they will suffocate. They have developed a way of letting a half of their brain to sleep. This is an intelligent way of adapting to the environment. They learn their environment very fast and when asleep, they can either stay at the top of water, or inside shallow water and alternatively breathe slowly and get

Adolf Hitler and Josef Stalin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Adolf Hitler and Josef Stalin - Essay Example Adolf Hitler and Josef Stalin were ardent believers of totalitarianism.Both were strict adherents of dictatorship who believed that the individual's needs must be subordinated to the State's welfare. However, historically they were strange bedfellows. They distrust and loathe each other. So when both inked a non-agression pact on August 28, 1939, not a few eyebrows were raised. It was no secret that Hitler considered "Bolshevism as the most extreme form of international Jewry".1 Hitler had always considered Russia as Germany's greatest enemy, regarded Russians as inferior Slavs and abhorred its self-imposed title as bulwark of communism. Thus, Operation Barbarossa was conceived to put Russia and Stalin on their knees. Hitler's resolve to decimate Russia in three months time was on the verge of being manic. Behind his back however, Stalin was also cooking a diabolical concoction for Hitler i.e. he was "preparing a preventive strike at Germany".Hitler left no stone unturned in this off ensive. He paraded 3.5 million Wehrmacht troops reinforced with Panzer tanks and hovered protectively by the famed Luftwaffe aircrafts. He then positioned these on a 2,000 mile frontier border from the Black Sea in the Crimea to the White Sea in the Arctic region. Because the Red Army troops were mostly inexperienced, the Germans easily captured most of the western Russian cities. But Hitler's 3-month time frame was stretched. What Hitler failed to foresee was the Red Army's seemingly inexhaustible reserve of manpower, the fortitude of Russian guerillas, the vast distances the Wehrmacht had to advance in

Adolescence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Adolescence - Essay Example dards in the very process, adolescents show higher-order reasoning about the self and its qualities, with peer relations taking precedence away from familial relations in terms of assessing personal competence. They, more often than children use social comparative mechanics while evaluating themselves Several areas of the brain undergo transformative realignment during the transition to adolescence. Among the notable structural changes in the brain during this period include a decrease in gray matter in the prefrontal regions of the brain. These anatomical changes referred to in the medical field as synaptic pruning, kicks off the elimination of unused connections between neurons; a process believably underpins the improvements in basic cognitive abilities and logical reasoning. Another important change in the brain during adolescence is the increased dopaminergic activity in pathways that connect the limbic system. Basically, the dopamine receptors become densely distributed within the prefrontal cortex; regions where emotions are processed and rewards and punishments experienced. Dopamine plays a critical role in the judgment of experiences, thus the explanation for sensation-seeking through experimentation. Finally, there is the increase of white matter in the very same prefrontal cortex of the brain during adolescence via a process known as myelination; the process through which nerve fibers become sheathed in myelin for more efficient neural connectivity within the region. This is an important adjustment for higher-order cognitive functions such as weighing of risks, advanced planning among other complicated decisions. To begin with, children basically interact/play with friends within the vicinity of their environment and/those chosen to them by those around them, mostly their parents. To be specific, such friends are usually close relatives or those from the neighbouring families. Such fiends are generally playmates, with no strings for long-term

Common assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Common assessment - Assignment Example Thus, affirmative action legislation is an initiative to fulfill governmental regulations and effect career aspirations of stereotyped groups of people on grounds that are perceived to be fair by all (Kenneth, David & Allen, 2004: 51). Carol & Catherine (1996) establish that affirmative actions are policies developed by employing legislation, decisions and regulations which are made by tribunals and courts in an effort to fight against discriminations in organizations (30). The legislation prohibits inequalities regardless of whether they are positive or negative in view of societal facts which affect how affirmative action is morally evaluated. Moreover, affirmative actions are only effective under specific situations that are demanded by the law and hence affirmative action change the organization of societal practices which impact either negatively or positively (Timothy & James, 2000: 123). These impacts are listed to include different aspects of life in terms of education, politics, society and business which are considered in reference to the affirmative action (Rojas, 2002). Positive impacts of affirmative action include: (i) enabling the less represented groups of people to progress (ii) it has managed to rebuild what had been destroyed by discriminatory acts like slavery (iii) various facets of life have been diversely populated and (iv) eased societal integration in organizations through equality processes. Negative impacts of affirmative actions include: (a) realization of compromised standard practices to make room for minority groups. This is in situations where the minority group may have a negative performance and which is actually a big problem in organizations (b) peer relations in organizations may lead to stereotyping and which form extra burdens which are not necessary to the organization (c) also, recruitment is not done

A Significant Symbol in U.S. Contemporary History Essay Example for Free

A Significant Symbol in U.S. Contemporary History Essay The statement above is just one of the several famous and affecting quotes from a former president of the United States of America, Dwight David Eisenhower. In this short and concise statement, his general principles, beliefs, and ideologies may be observed. This man with a huge heart for peace and humanity has been perceived by millions of Americans as a tough yet upright and high-profiled symbol of the government over the decades. However, this man who has been looked up to by the whole of America may be discovered to have humble beginnings—brought up from a simple family, he was an average boy who grew up to fulfill great dreams and great aspirations for the United States of America. On the 14th day of October in 1890, Dwight David Eisenhower, of David Eisenhower, a mechanic, and Ida Elizabeth Stover, a religious pacifist, was born (Kelly). As a child, he had to help his family and work with extra effort in order to suffice their everyday necessities. He was brought up in a simple yet very religious environment where people are exposed to real-life plain-living (The Eisenhower Foundation). He was born in Denison, Texas, but they eventually moved to Abilene in Kansas where he spent his early education in humble community schools. During this stage of his life, he was raised to be a fun loving youth who was fascinated with the Western American history and had always dreamed of getting into college and obtaining a degree which was considered an extravagance for families like his during that time (The Eisenhower Foundation). It was in Abilene where he had his early foundations, and it was also the place where he acquired his early values which eventually molded him to what people know him for—a noble and principled individual. Eisenhower joined the U. S. Military at West Point, New York on the 14th day of June in 1911 (â€Å"Dwight David Eisenhower†). Here, he was made into a principled and trained fighter which helped him to reach the rank of Second Lieutenant on September 1915. This was the start of his career in the military which have been a difficult battle and a rich learning experience as well for the fighter Eisenhower. In his entire military career, he has been blessed with the might of an ultimate warrior and a fair mind of a just leader. He has been part of several historical events such as McArthur’s venture to the Philippine Islands and the First and Second World War (â€Å"Dwight David Eisenhower†). Eventually, he was able to receive several recognitions due to his selfless and self-sacrificing service for the United States. On the 4th day of November in 1952, he was awarded with the greatest authority an American citizen could ever have; he became the 34th president of the Unites States of America (The Eisenhower Foundation). As it appears, the presidents of the world are given this special privilege of being immortalized through their works and principles. However, people may still question why a person such as Dwight Eisenhower should be remembered when all the other presidents seem to have done the same thing: to serve the country. As Eisenhower ventured in the greatest challenge to rule America, he was faced with serious challenges through the problems and obstacles in the political and economic sectors. The American values and the national security have been put in great risk by the powerful Europe and Asia which vexed the newly appointed president (Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission). Yet, despite these challenges, he maintained his aim on his strategies and game-plans on how he can win every battle that the country was facing at that time, such as the Cold War which he skillfully handled with utmost determination. In addition, as Eisenhower went through the most difficult and complex challenges as a president, he was able to maintain the balance in the national budget, the credibility of the country’s fiscal responsibility, and the public works that were significant in the lives of his people. He became remarkable in his efforts to establish sturdy innovations to the government as a whole and to his presidency in order to improve not just the country’s infrastructures but also the morale and dignity of the government (Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission). Eisenhower also had that incomparable heart for his people. He recognized the needs and the grievances of the less fortunate Americans which led him to establish agencies like the Department of Health and the Education and Welfare in 1953, while he also made improvements in the Social Security through increased benefits for millions of Americans (Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission). These were just some of his simple yet very significant efforts that will forever rest in Americans’ memories as he left them after a long heart ailment on the solemn day of March 28, 1969 uttering his last words, I want to go; God take me. (The Eisenhower Foundation). Among the many presidents that the United States has met, Dwight Eisenhower created a difference as inspired by his upbringing. It provided him enough courage and determination to reach greater heights. It may appear that the function and role of the American president is one of the hardest and most complicated in the world. Yet, to think that Eisenhower was able to go through it while maintaining a spiritual and fair heart is also commendable. A leader who does not allow his power and authority to rule his heart has also been attributed to Eisenhower by the people themselves. This is because while he was a man who was very well exposed to violence and wars, he spoke of peace and freedom from strife. Over his years of service, aside from literally fighting for his nation and helping to winning the wars, he was able to win the trust and confidence of his people through keeping his values and morale in his leadership strategy. Truly, it may be hard to find a perfect leader. Nevertheless, finding a leader like Eisenhower who had a sense of humor and integrity at the same time can also be one in a million chances. Considering the accounts of history which tell stories of Eisenhower as a hero of America, it may appear that he indeed played a significant role in the U. S. contemporary history. A man who led a simple life as a child and grew up to become the person with the highest authority in America but never abused his powers for wealth and personal interest is indeed worthy of remembrance. Indeed, no person must be judged according to his or her roots. Certainly, societal status does not in any way make a discerning factor to tell the worth and value of a person, because if there is any symbol and example who best represents a story of humble roots to the height of glory and honor in America, it would be undeniably someone like former President Dwight Eisenhower of the United States. Works Cited Bancroft, David G. â€Å"Dwight D. Eisenhower: 34th President (1953-1961). † USA Patriotism. 2002. 24 November 2008 http://www. usa-patriotism. com/quotes/eisenhower. htm. Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission. Why Memoralize Eisenhower?. 27 August 2008. 24 November 2008 http://www. eisenhowermemorial. org/whymemorializeike. htm. â€Å"Dwight David Eisenhower†. The Eisenhower Library Information Resources. September 2000. Ibiblio. 24 November 2008 http://www. ibiblio. org/lia/president/EisenhowerLibrary/_General_Materials/DDE_Biography. html. The Eisenhower Foundation. Biography: Dwight David Eisenhower October 14, 1890-March 28, 1969. 05 August 2008. Eisenhower. com. 24 November 2008 http://www. dwightdeisenhower. com/biodde. html. Kelly, Martin. â€Å"Dwight D. Eisenhower- Thirty-Fourth President of the United States. † About. com: American History. 24 November 2008. http://americanhistory. about. com/od/dwightdeisenhower/p/peisenhower. htm.

Differences Between Qualitative And Quantitative Research Methods Psychology Essay

Differences Between Qualitative And Quantitative Research Methods Psychology Essay The aim of any science is gaining knowledge and choosing the appropriate method that allows us to know the reality is therefore essential1. The problem is to accept as true the wrong knowledge or vice versa. Inductive and deductive methods have different objectives and could be summarized as theory development and theory analysis, respectively. The inductive methods are generally associated with qualitative research while deductive method is often associated with quantitative research. Health Social scientists using qualitative approaches now facing epistemological and methodological problems that have to do with power and ethics in data generation as well as external validity of these2. The quantitative research is one in which data are collected and analyzed quantitative variables. qualitative research prevents quantification. Qualitative researchers make narrative records of the phenomena that are studied by techniques such as participant observation and unstructured interviews3. The fundamental difference between the methodologies is that the quantitative studies the association or relationship between quantifiable and qualitative variables makes structural and situational contexts4. Qualitative research seeks to identify the underlying nature of reality, its relations system, its dynamic structure. The quantitative research is to determine the strength of association or correlation between variables, generalization and objectivity of the results through a sample inference to a population sample from which all comes. After the study of the association or correlation seeks, in turn, make causal inferences as to why things happen or not a particular way. The most obvious differences between the methodologies are shown in Table 1 5.6. The fundamentals of quantitative methodology can be found in the positivism that arises in the first third of the nineteenth century as a reaction to the empiricism which was devoted to collect data without entering any knowledge beyond the field of observation. Some of the scientists this time focusing on issues related to health sciences are Pasteur and Claude Bernard, the latter being the proposed experimentation in medicine1. In the early twentieth century, neo-positivism arises or logical positivism to be one of the most important contributions to probabilistic induction. The key is logical positivism and testing hypotheses probabilistically if accepted and demonstrated in different circumstances from those develop general theories. The statistics available quantitative tools to test these hypotheses and to accept or reject a particular security7. Thus the scientific method, following an observation generates a hypothesis and subsequently broadcasts contrasting conclusions arising from that hypothesis testing. The verified repeatedly test an hypothesis does not give an absolute guarantee of generalization because, as Karl Popper points out, not it has no method can guarantee that the generalization of a hypothesis is valid8. With the example of the swans, K. Poppers thesis refuting the generalization neopositivists on assumptions9 all swans were white from Austria no data are available about the color of swans outside Austria all swans are white . At present there is no method to ensure that generalization of a hypothesis is valid, but one can refute a hypothesis with a shred of evidence against it. That is why science, as noted by K. Popper looking increasingly better explanations Advantages and disadvantages of the methods The advantages and disadvantages of qualitative vs. quantitative methods are shown in Table 2 11-13. In general, quantitative methods are very powerful in terms of external validity as a representative sample of the population makes inference to this population from a sample (Figure 1) With a defined security and accuracy. Therefore a limitation of qualitative methods is their difficulty to generalize. The quantitative research to test hypotheses not only eliminates the role of chance to exclude or reject a hypothesis, but to quantify the clinical relevance of a phenomenon by measuring the relative risk reduction, absolute risk reduction and number of patients needed to treat to prevent one event14. The question that obviously do qualitative and quantitative research is how are your general particularize ? Today there is a clear predominance of quantitative research in relation to qualitative and we can objectify it in a Medline search to date 20/4/2002 using the keywords quantitative research vs. qualitative research are 11,236 and 1,249 items respectively generating a ratio 11.236/1.249 = 8.99. The select one or other methodology may rely on different approaches: Are looking for the magnitude or nature of the phenomenon?, Is looking for an average or a dynamic structure?, It aims to discover laws or understand human phenomena?. When in the Medline search on the keywords above mentioned add nursing to focus the question in nursing work objectify the ratio of qualitative vs. quantitative items (610 vs. 535) clearly decreases to 1.14 thus showing a significant weight of qualitative research in nursing despite a predominance of the quantitative and still expanding in recent years in this group. The use of both qualitative and quantitative procedures in an investigation would probably help correct the biases of each method, but the fact that quantitative methodology is the most widely used is not the product of chance but of the evolution of scientific method along the years. We believe in this sense that quantification increases and facilitates the compression of the universe around us and long before the logical positivists or neopositivists Galileo Galilei argued in this sense measure what is measurable and make measurable what is not is . Table 1. Differences between qualitative and quantitative research5.6. Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Focusing on the phenomenology and understanding Based on the probabilistic induction of logical positivism Uncontrolled naturalistic observation Measuring pervasive and controlled Subjective Objective Inferences from their data Inferences beyond the data Exploratory, inductive and descriptive Confirmatory inferential, deductive Process-oriented Result oriented Data rich and deep Data solid and repeatable Not generalizable Generalizable Holistic Particularist Dynamic reality Static reality Table 2. Advantages and disadvantages of quantitative versus qualitative methods. Qualitative Methods Quantitative Methods Propensity to comunicarse withThe study subjects11 Proneness use ofThe study subjects11 It merely ask11 Only responds11 Horizontal communication between researcher and researched greater ease and ability to study social factors in a natural setting12 ÂÂ   They are strong in terms of internal validity, but weak in external validity, which are not generalizable to the population They are weak in terms of internal validity, almost never know if they measure what they want to measure, but are strong in external validity, what they find is generalizable to the population13 Quantitative ask: How particularize are the findings? Qualitative ask: Are your findings generalizable? Figure 1. Elements of statistical inference Quantitative methodology is one that can examine the data in figures, especially in the field of statistics. Quantitative Methods For there is required that elements of the research problem there is a relationship whose nature is linear. This means that there is clarity between the research components that make up the problem, it is possible to define, limit and know exactly where the problem starts, in which direction to go and what kind of impact between its elements. Quantitative research is widely used in the natural sciences and social, from physics and biology to sociology and journalism. In the social sciencesThe term is often used in contrast to qualitative research. Types of quantitative research [edit] Descriptive research [edit] It refers to the preparatory phase of scientific work that allows ordering the result of observations of the behaviors, features, The factors, Procedures and other variables of phenomena and facts. Such research is not hypothesis explained. Analytical investigation [edit] It is a more complex procedure with respect to descriptive research, which mainly consists in making the comparison of variables between study groups and control without applying or manipulating variables, studying them as they naturally occur in the groups. It also refers to the proposition hypothesis that the researcher is test or deny. hg Experimental Research [edit] It is a methodological procedure in which a group of individuals or conglomerate, are randomly divided into study groups and ontrol and are analyzed with respect to one factor or as the researcher introduced to study and assess. INTRODUCTION The research is a process thorough, careful and systematic which seeks to resolve problemsEither vacuum knowledge (scientific research) Or ManagementBut in both cases is organized and guarantees the production of knowledge or viable alternative solutions. In this test Needless to say, our object of study is to establish the differences between the qualitative research and quantitative research., although both are generally part of research science, which is defined as a methodical and systematic process aimed at solving problems or scientific questions, by producing new knowledge, which constitute the solution or answer to these questions. From this it is possible to reflect on the approach that there is clear: If we are trying to scientific research, it is possible to develop two major approaches: qualitative and quantitative, in the former means that the amount is part of the quality, as well as given further attention deep into the results and not its generalization, while in the quantitative approach, the important thing is the generalization or universalization of research results. Therefore, an investigation should not speak or to Paradigm Qualitative, Methodology Qualitative or Qualitative Research, as are the qualitative or quantitative approaches to scientific research, and both can be used in one investigation, interacting methodologies. We believe that differences are not present at the type of problem to be investigated, but in terms of the methods and instruments which each applies and the way they treat the results. We hope that the information gathered here helps to understand the importance of scientific research whatever the paradigm that is used. Finally, the combination of both paradigms help achieve optimal results research in the field of health and particularly in that the Nursing.. The Group 1 .- Qualitative Research The qualitative methodology, as its very name, is aim the description the qualities of a phenomenon. Find a concept that can cover a part of reality. This is not to prove or to measure the degree to which a certain quality is given a certain event, but to discover so many qualities as possible. In qualitative research should discuss in depth understanding rather than accuracy: it seeks a deep understanding as possible. The origins of qualitative methods are found in antiquity but from the nineteenth century with the rise of science social especially the sociology and anthropology This methodology begins to develop gradually. However after the Second War World there was a predominance of quantitative methodology with the dominance of functionalist and structuralist perspectives. It is not until the 60s that cut qualitative research methodology emerged as a front-line, mainly in United States and Britain. From this moment, in the academic and investigative there are a constant evolution theory and practice of qualitative methodology. Among the main features of this methodology include: Qualitative research is inductive. It has a holistic perspective, ie considering the phenomenon as a whole. These small studies scale which only represent themselves It emphasizes the validity of research through proximity to the empirical reality that provides the methodology. Not usually probe theories or hypothesis. It is primarily a method generate theories and hypoththesis. No rules procedure. The collection method data not specified in advance. The variables are not operationally defined or are prone to measurement. The base is in intuition. The research is nature flexible, evolutionary and recursive. Generally does not allow analysis Statistical You can incorporate findings that were not foreseen (Serendipity) Qualitative researchers involved in research through interaction with the subjects they study, is the measuring instrument. Analyze and understand the subjects and phenomena from the perspective of the last two; must delete or remove their prejudices and beliefs 1.1 .- QUALITATIVE FEATURES OF THE METHODOLOGY The characteristics of qualitative methodology that we can point to as a synopsis are A first characteristic of these methods has resulted in their Strategy to try to know the facts, processes, structures and people as a whole, and not through the measurement of some of its elements. The same strategy already indicates the Employment of procedures giving a character only to observations. The second characteristic is the use of procedures that are less comparable observations in the time and in different cultural circumstances, ie, this method finds less widespread and closer to the phenomenology and symbolic interactionism. A third important strategic feature for this work concerns the role of the researcher in their intensive-treatment-with the people involved in the research process to understand. The researcher develops and maintains guidelines and central problems of their work during the research process itself. For this reason, the concepts found in qualitative research in most cases are not operationalized since the beginning of the investigation, ie not defined since the beginning of indicators to be taken into account during the research process. This feature points to another debate epistemological, very hot, on the question of objectivity in the social research. 2 .- RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE Surge in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, in the process consolidation Capitalism and within the Society Western bourgeois. In order to analyze the conflict social and economic fact as Universe complex. Inspired by the Science Natural and these in physical Newtonian from knowledge of Galileo. With Claude Saint-Simon and Auguste Comte arises Sociology as Science. Their rationale is based on scientism and Rationalism, As institutionalists epistemological stance. Profound attachment to the tradition of Science and use of value-neutrality as a criterion of objectivity, so the knowledge is grounded in the facts, with little attention subjectivity of individuals. His representation of reality is partial and fragmented. The expert becomes a authority really. Hurtado and Toro (1998). They say the research Quantitative is a linear, meaning that there is clarity between the elements of the problem, which has definitions, limitations and know exactly where the problem starts, it is also important to know what kind of impact between its elements. 2.1 .- CHARACTERISTICS METHODOLOGY QUANTITATIVE Quantitative methodology is one that allows us to examine the data numerically, especially in the field of Statistics. Quantitative Methods For there is required that elements of the research problem there is a relationship whose Nature is linear. This means that there is clarity between the elements of the research problem that make the problem, it is possible to define, limit and know exactly where the problem starts, in which address going and what kind of impact between its elements. The elements consist of a problem, research Linear, are called: variables, Ratio between variable and unit observation. Edelmira G. La Rosa (1995) says that there should be clarity Quantitative Methodology between elements of research from which starts until it ends, the approach is static data is assigned numerical significance. The approach of the quantitative data are statistical, demonstrates with separate aspects of all, the meaning assigned numbers and make inferences Objectivity is the only way to achieve knowledgeAnd therefore uses the measurement comprehensive and controlled, trying to find the certainty of it. The object of study is the unique element Empiricus. She maintains that the relationship exist independence between subject and object, since the researcher has a perspective from outside. The theory is the fundamental element Social research, Brings its origin, context and purpose. Explanatory and predicative understanding of reality, under an objective conception, unitary static and reductionist. Linear conception of research through a Strategy deductive. It method Hypothetical Deductive. 2.2. QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS The limitations are placed at a number risks distortion, the least of which is certainly not the conversion of the qualitative deformans in quantities previously artificially transmuted calculated on ad hoc data Gonzalez Casanova (1975) mentions that the prospect Quantitative and emphasis are related to many other characteristics of the researcher. Overall we can say that analysis Quantitative is typical especially in the social sciences who work with people, binds to Empiricism and the Ideology the process of Social Sciences. Sorokin researcher has indicated the limitations of quantitative research: Quantitatively disguised subjectivity. Quantitative conjugation groups to study the systems Social. Take one part of system as the independent variable (cause) and all of the quantitative data that can be seen in the research traditional. 3 .- Differences between quantitative and qualitative research The aim of any science is gaining knowledge and choosing the appropriate method that allows us to know the reality is therefore essential1. The problem is to accept as true the wrong knowledge or vice versa. methods inductive and deductive are objectives different and could be summarized as development theory and theory analysis, respectively. The inductive methods are generally associated with qualitative research while the deductive method is often associated with quantitative research. Social scientists in health Doctors, nurses, health technicians, etc.. Using qualitative approaches now facing problems epistemological and methodological approaches are concerned with the can and ethics in data generation as well as external validity of these. Quantitative research is one in which data are collected and analyzed quantitative variables. Qualitative research prevents quantification. Qualitative researchers are records Narrative of the phenomena that are studied by techniques as participant observation and interviews unstructured. The fundamental difference between the methodologies is that the quantitative studies the association or relationship between quantifiable and qualitative variables makes structural and situational contexts. Qualitative research seeks to identify the underlying nature of reality, its system of relationships, structure dynamic, While quantitative research tries to determine the strength association or correlation between variables, generalization and objectivity of the results through a sample to make an inference population which shows all relevant. After the study of the association or correlation seeks, in turn, make causal inferences as to why things happen or not a particular way. The Employment both procedures quantitative and qualitative research could probably help correct the biases of each method, but the fact that quantitative methodology is the most used is not product accident but the evolution of scientific method over the years. We believe in this sense that quantification increases and facilitates the compression of the universe around us and long before the logical positivists or neopositivists Galileo Galilei asserted in this sense measure what is measurable and make measurable what is not. Differences between qualitative and quantitative research Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Centered phenomenology and understanding Based on the induction probabilistic positivism logical Uncontrolled naturalistic observation Measuring pervasive and controlled Subjective Objective Inferences from their data Inferences beyond the data Exploratory, inductive and descriptive Confirmatory inferential, deductive Process-oriented Result oriented Data rich and deep Data solid and repeatable Not generalizable Generalizable Holistic Particularist Dynamic reality Static reality ÂÂ   Advantages and disadvantages of qualitative methods vs. quantity. Qualitative Methods Quantitative Methods Propensity to comunicarse withThe study subjects Proneness use ofThe study subjects It merely ask Only responds Horizontal communication between researcher and researched greater ease and ability to study social factors in a natural setting ÂÂ   They are strong in terms of internal validity, but weak in external validity, which are not generalizable to the population They are weak in terms of internal validity, almost never know if they measure what they want to measure, but are strong in external validity, what they find is generalizable to the population Quantitative ask: How particularize are the findings? Qualitative ask: Are your findings generalizable? One criticism that often make the quantitative approaches from the perspective of qualitative methods is their propensity to use more to communicate with, the study subjects. The argument is that the polls individuals used to extract them information which is then processed without holding without any sort of return to those who gave rise to the data. It is further said that the situation of interview is as artificial-one simply ask the other to respond, it is possible to make very strong questions about the validity of the data thus obtained. In change, Qualitative methods seem to find one of their sources of legitimation primaries that allow communication more horizontal-egalitarian-between the researcher and the subjects investigated. Without denying that some of the qualitative approaches such as depth interviews and life histories enable a more natural subjects, must be considered with more details on the conditions that make such encounters possible. In countries America America, including Cuba, Most studies are done on / socials subjects living under some form of subordination of gender (for women), sexual (in the case of sexual minorities, etc.). In many cases it is precisely this condition of subordination which gives rise to its willingness to collaborate. Authors such as Castro and Bronfman suggest that for more democratic we are, access to groups subordinate is given to us by what our status is. This produces a dilemma that challenges the root of the argument made at the beginning of this section, in the sense that qualitative research itself is claimed from his naturalism of his supposed ability to study the social actors in its natural setting. CONCLUSIONS The research is a rigorous, thorough and systematic which seeks to solve problems, either from lack of knowledge (scientific research) Or ManagementBut in both cases is organized and guarantees the production of knowledge or viable alternative solutions. Research is a methodical and systematic process aimed at solving problems or scientific questions, by producing new knowledge, which constitute the solution or answer to such questions Quantitative research is analyzing the various elements that can be measured and quantified. All information is obtained based on population samples and the results are extrapolated to the entire population at a given level of error and confidence level. Qualitative research reports on the credibility of the communication, or concepts, or the benefits offered. Qualitative studies are seen to individual respondent, on the one hand, and on the other hand look at the product, or under investigation and on which survey and that is the stimulus generator of certain behaviors among individuals. These observations acquire a character probabilistic, and hence projectable to the universe in a second stage of the investigation that it will be quantitative. Quantitative research uses numbers and statistical methods. Part of individual cases to reach a description general or check hypothesis causal. It says a quantitative systematic-generalizing. Qualitative research includes approaches by definition, not based on numerical measures. He uses in-depth interviews and analysis materials historical. Use the method of discourse and attempts to comprehensively examine an event or unit. They say quality-humanist discourse. From this it is possible to reflect on the approach that there is clear: If we are trying to scientific research, two approaches can be developed significant qualitative and quantitative, in the former means that the amount is part of the quality also be given greater attention to the depth of results and not its generalization, while in the quantitative approach, the important thing is the generalization or universalization of research results. Therefore, an investigation should not speak or to Paradigm Qualitative, Qualitative or Qualitative Research Methodology, as are the qualitative or quantitative approaches to scientific research.