Marketing Audit Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Audit - Research Paper Example Newness in the product signifies minor modification of the existing product that is new to the world and can also create new market for the organization. Higher the degree of newness, higher is the chances of failure or success. On one hand the newness can bring success for the organization by increasing the sales and profit, whereas on the other hand, it may lead to high cost and failure that can create problems for the business (Cravens and Piercy, 2010). This study focuses on conducting a marketing audit for a customised car that can serve many purposes at the same time. This car serves the purpose of multifunction and customization that offers the owner with the opportunity of using and transforming the car in a variety of new designs. It can serve the function of both city car and pick up. Toyota has shown interest in launching this car and in this regards the marketing audit has been conducted. About Toyota Toyota Motor Corporation is one of the world’s most favourable a nd leading manufacturers of automobile. It is the market leader in developing technologically advanced and environmental friendly cars. Toyota Motor Company was officially launched and started up by Kiichiro Toyoda in the year 1937 (Borowski, 2010). In the year 1952 the company experienced exponential growth and become successful. After this success the company began to export cars to South America and five years after this achievement, the company gained firm ground in the automobile market of North America. Entering the market of US proved to be a breakthrough for Toyota in terms of automobile export. In the year 1982, Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC) was formed by collaborating Toyota Motor Sales Company with Toyota Motor Company. Currently the company has nearly 522 subsidiaries all over the worlds with about 320,808 staff and having their manufacturing unit not only in Japan but also in 51 other locations spread over 26 countries (Borowski, 2010). In the year 2007 Toyota Motor Co rporation has the highest share price value among all the car manufacturers. In the year 2008 the company recorded total sales of 8.972 million cars generating an annual turnover of $239.4 billion. In the same year the organization was recognised as the biggest manufacturer in the automobile industry (Borowski, 2010). Marketing Audit Marketing audit is described as the process of â€Å"comprehensive, systematic, independent and periodic examination of a company’s or business unit’s marketing environment, objectives, strategies and activities with a view of determining problem areas and opportunities and recommending a plan of action to improve the company’s marketing performance† (Avasarikar and Chordiya, 2007, p. 4.15). The profitability of the organization can be increased by conducting marketing audit before launching a new product in the existing or new market (Kotler and Keller, 2012). In this regards the strength, weakness, opportunities and threat of the product and the organization has been identified. Strength The major strength of the product is customisation. The owner of the car can use this in a variety of ways serving numerous purposes. The owner can use it as a pick up van and as a common city car at the same time. The car has got innovative features that can attract the customers. It is

Summer Project Essay Example for Free

Summer Project Essay This is to certify that Mr. Chandan Kumar (Reg. No. 11382017) a student of MBA – International Business, 2011 – 2013 batch has successfully completed his internship training at Lumbini Beverages Pvt Ltd. , HAJIPUR(BIHAR). His period of training was MARCH-APRIL. He has prepared the internship report titled â€Å"A Study on Sales Promotion at PepsiCo† for the requirement of the concern and for Master of Business Administration in International Business program in the Department of International Business, School of Management, Pondicherry University, Puducherry – 605 014. Dr. Bushan D. Sudhakar Reader, Dept. of Int’l Business, School of Management, Pondicherry University, Puducherry – 605 014. Dr. P. Sridharan Head of the Department, Dept. of Int’l Business, School of Management, Pondicherry University, Puducherry – 605 014 2|Page CERTIFICATE FROM THE GUIDE This is to certify that the Project Work entitled â€Å" A Study on Sales Promotion at PepsiCo† is a bonafide work of Mr. Chandan Kumar carried out in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of MBA (International Business) of Pondicherry University under my guidance. This project work is original and not submitted earlier for the award of any degree / diploma of any other University / Institution. Signature of the Guide (Name and Official address of the Guide) Place:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3|Page STUDENT’S DECLARTION I, Mr. Chandan Kumar hereby declare that the Project Work entitled â€Å"A Study on Sales Promotion at PepsiCo† is the original work done by me and submitted to the Pondicherry university in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of Master of Business Administration in International Business is a record of original work done by me under the supervision of Dr. Bushan D. Sudhakar, Reader, Department of International Business, School of Management. Signature of Student Date:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4|Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is well established fact that behind every achievement lays on unfathomable sea of gratitude to those who have extended their support without whom the project would never have come into existence. I now take the opportunity to thank Mr. N. K. Prasad, HR Manager, Lumbini Beverages Pvt Ltd. , who granted me the permission to undergo training in this prestigious organization. I would extend special thanks to Mr. Anish Kumar, Sales Executive, under whose guidance and support I was able to complete this project. During the entire period of my training, I received endless held, support and cooperation from all the employees of the organization. I think my report would be incomplete if I do not convey my grateful thanks to them. I express my sincere thanks to Dr. Prahakar Raya, DEAN, School Of Management and along with him I express my humble and sincere thanks to our Department Head, Dr. P. SRIDHARAN, Department of International Business, School Of Management for their guidance and support throughout this project. With deep sense of gratitude, I acknowledge my sincere thanks to Dr. Bushan D. Sudhakar who has always been a source of inspiration to me and constantly implanted his useful guidelines, experience and provided his valuable time in the completion of this project. Although it is difficult to say that I have achieved what I wanted to present, but within the circumstances and various limiting factors, I have tried to give my best. 5|Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PepsiCo is a world leader in a convenient food and beverages with revenues of more than $45 billion and more than 1, 60, 000 employees. The company consists of Frito-lay North America, PepsiCo Beverages North America, PepsiCo International and Quaker Foods North America. PepsiCo brands are available in nearly 200 countries and territories and generate sells and the retail level of about $85 billion. PepsiCo is the world’s premier Consumer Products Company focused on convenient foods and beverages. This project work entitled â€Å"A study on sales promotion of PepsiCo†, was done to become familiar with the working of PepsiCo (LUMBINI BEVERAGES PVT LTD) and to know the strategies used by PepsiCo in the sales promotion. The important objectives of the project were to find out: what are the various types of promotional strategies used in marketing, in which way the strategies are implemented, what is the market share of the company, which promotional strategy is used most, what is the impact of sales promotion during off season, how retailers react to new sales promotions, what are the various tools that the company uses during sales promotion, and which type of promotional offers retailers prefer etc. The project is entirely based on my observations made during the two months spent at lumbini beverages pvt ltd and visits to various markets of Hajipur. Based on my learning and experience, I have made some suggestions to improve the sales promotion activity and services. 6|Page INDEX Chapter I. INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Introduction 1. 2 Statement of problem 1. 3 Objectives of the study 1. 4 Scope of the study 1. 5 Need of the study 1. 6 Research methodology 1. 7 Limitation of study Chapter – 2. 1 . COMPANY AND INDUSTRY PROFILE 9-10 10 11 11 12 12-14 15 16-40 41-49 51-66 68 69-70 71 72 73-75 2. 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Chapter-III. ANALYSIS INTERPRETAION Chapter-IV. 4. 1. FINDINS 4. 2. B. SUGGESTIONS 4. 3CONCLUSION 4. 4 BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX:QUESTIONAIRE 7|Page CHAPTER- 1 1. 1 Introduction 1. 2 Statement of problem 1. 3 Objectives of the study 1. 4 Scope of the study 1. 5 Need of the study 1. 6 Research methodology 1. 7 Limitation of study 8|Page 1. 1 Introduction: In the present day world, either there is mass production or ill anticipation of demand, there is always a pressing need for intermediaries of one type or the other, for enabling the goods to reach the ultimate consumer. The purpose is to sell everything that is produced. However, it is really difficult for the producer to undertake the sales or distribution of goods directly to the consumers all by themselves. There for, the responsibility or distribution is undertaken by a number of intermediaries who are often termed as channel or distribution. Sales transfer for ownership from the company within the customers, exchange of goods and services. Sales and distribution is a part of marketing and product design according to the need of customers. Sales and distribution is a primary involvement of transfer of goods and services from the company to the customers. Selling emphasizes in selling the securable surplus available with company i. e. selling quantity convert Product into Cost using trend and techniques of shifting customer to part with the cost. Thus, a salesman introduces the goods to the customer, Interest and persuades them to purchase the goods and finalize the deals of the product. So, the primary objective of sales and distribution is to assist the producer in marketing the goods and services one hand and to satisfy the demand of the consumers on the others. Channel of distribution helps the consumer in providing good of right quantity at the right time, right place and at the right price. 9|Page SourcesThe main sources of the Sales and Distribution is to reach through the channel. Every channel contains one or more transfer point where there is either an institution or a final buyer. In other words, legal ownership of the product changes hands at least once or the producer sales directly to the final buyer and there is no intervening of middlemen Selecting a channel for sales and distribution for their product is one of the important problems faced by manufacturers of PEPSICO It is quite difficult to identity a specific channel which can be considered as the best. There for, each producer most carefully select a channel which will suit his requirement and bring the best result to the firm. The channel of distribution can broadly be divided into two categories i. e. Direct and Indirect. Under direct channel of sales and distribution, manufacturer sells directly to the consumers, without any middlemen, whereas under indirect channel of sales and distribution, producer sells through various middlemen like wholesalers, agents, retailers, etc. This is the shortest channel a producer can adopt for sales and distribution of goods and services. In this system, goods move directly from the producer to the consumers without any middlemen or a merchant. 1. 2 Statement of Problem: The first and foremost step in the problem identification in Sales Promotion. research process consists of Here statement of problem is to know the Sales Promotion activities towards brands. 10 | P a g e 1. 3 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY This study was conducted on â€Å"A study of â€Å"Sales Promotion’ activities of PEPSICO for different retail outlets of Hajipur†. The specific objectives of the study are1. To find out the promotional activities of PEPSICO. 2. To know the distribution channel of PEPSICO. 3. To find out the market share of PEPSICO. against its competitor. 4. To find out the influence of medium of advertisements of PEPSICO. on different age group 1. 4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY This study was done in Hajipur at LUMBINI BEVERAGES PVT LTD. The geographical scope of my survey was limited to Hajipur only. Study aims at relationship between Company Executives and retailers and why any retailer sold particular brand only. The survey covers a wide range of activities and factors, which influence the retailers to sell PEPSICO. Products. The sample of 80 respondents is taken to represent total retails of Hajipur Zone. The validity of the findings of this survey is limited to the period during which the field survey was conducted i. e. eight weeks. 11 | P a g e 1. 5 NEED OF STUDY The eight weeks Summer Training is very important for a student of MBA. This type of study gives some practical knowledge to MBA students and practical knowledge is more useful than theoretical knowledge for any one.

Freedom and Virtue in John Miltons Comus and Areopagitica :: Comus and Areopagitica Essays

Freedom and Virtue  in John Milton's Comus and Areopagitica  Ã‚  Ã‚      The martyred author of Utopia, Sir Thomas More-executed for treason against the king-is credited with the final words, "If I must live in a world in which I cannot act within my conscience, I do not wish to live!" Generations later, the fiery patriotism and explicit candor of Patrick Henry led him to utter the renowned "Give me Liberty or give me death!" Along the same lines of these two men, John Milton's "Areopagitica" argues that the essence of life is freedom to choose how one lives it. In another of Milton's works, the masque play Comus, the Elder Brother's statements concerning virtue establish some of the foundations for his argument in the work he wrote "in order to deliver the press from the restraints with which it was encumbered" (716).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The root of Milton's assertions lies in his complete hope in the prevailing of virtue. In these two works, confidence in virtue and in the ability of good men to practice it is crucial. The first part of the Elder Brother's statement is, in fact, a comment on confidence, in response to his brother's question concerning the unfavorable odds stacked against the Lady, their sister. He says, "Yes, and keep [confidence] still,/ Lean on it safely . . . against the threats/ Of malice or of sorcery, or that power/ Which erring men call Chance" (584-588). The Elder Brother's remarks show that he believes in the triumph of the Spirit against all odds, including the Fates and Fortune. As he states, "this I hold firm;/ Virtue may be assail'd but never hurt,/ Surpris'd by unjust force but not enthrall'd," because it is founded upon the "will and arm of Heav'n" (588-600). Milton's argument in the "Areopagitica" holds true to these ideas also, that we must have confiden ce in virtue and its ability to triumph over all trials and temptations because-if it is truly of God-it will stand predominant over all evils. In outlining his argument, Milton reminds his audience over and over of the duty they have to trust in the virtue of their fellow men; just as God allowed Adam to have the choice to err, so must the state give men the right to choose, to try their own ideas of virtue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Spirit describes: Great Comus . . . whose pleasing poison

In the Context of the Years 1558-1660 to Further the English Reformation?

In studies of Puritanism as a movement from 1558-1660, historians have debated over the definition of the word ‘puritan’ because of the changing nature of the movement as it responded to various political, social and religious developments. The conventional historical interpretation shared by historians Christianson and Wrightson is that ‘Puritan’ more narrowly referred to the ‘hotter sort of protestants’ who, although theologically indistinguishable from their Anglican counter-parts, actively sought reform of the established church from within whilst maintaining some doctrinal reservations.This definition encompasses the understanding that Puritanism was a distinct movement to further the English reformation, yet does not account for the greater circle of puritanical separatists who wished to leave the church altogether. Therefore it is best to adopt the widest description offered by Kearney in defining Puritanism as the â€Å"circle of discon tent both within and without the Established Church from the 1560s onwards†¦ What was common to all [the critics]†¦ was a vision of what the Church of Christ ought to be if it were stripped of externals and inessentials.Where they differed†¦ was in their view of what was external and inessential†. This interpretation more accurately allows for Puritanism to be understood in light of its constantly evolving ‘vision’ and ‘set of values’ through the years, which manifested in forms such as Presbyterianism in the 1580s and the political backbone of the Parliamentary force during the Civil War as interpreted by many a historian, including revisionist and Marxist historians. Wrightson argues that in 1558, to the Puritans, the church was â€Å"†¦half reformed.They were anxious to push ahead†¦ to move urgently towards ‘further reformation’† of the Elizabethan settlement. Whilst relieved by the succession of a prote stant monarch, many Puritans were urgent to pursue moderate reform of the settlement, to purge it of the ‘rags of Rome’, specifically from within the hierarchy of the Church of England. Edmund Grindal’s career as Archbishop is an example of moderate Puritanism acting as a force to further the reformation from within the established church.Indeed, Grindals swift promotion by the influential hand of Burghley and an anonymous letter sent to Grindal by a member of the Privy Council upon his appointment, strongly suggests there was an inter-governmental campaign by those of significantly higher office to promote Puritan leaders. It is clear that their intention was that â€Å"If reform was to come from within the establishment, there would never be a more favourable opportunity [to advance Puritanism]†.Supported by Collinson, this shows of how â€Å"progressive bishops [were] acting as catspaws for nervous courtiers in promoting moderate reform†. For mod erate Puritans, the desire to pursue the reformation over-shadowed the controversy of accepting Episcopal office. Through laying stresses on the churches pastoral rather than disciplinary aspects, it seemed that an alliance between hierarchy and Puritans might be possibly on the basis of a shared desire for moderate church reform.Therefore, among the first generation of Elizabethan bishops, Puritanism was set apart as a religious force within the national church that â€Å"tarry[ied] with the magistrate† to achieve a reformation of the national church. However, evidence suggests that many Puritans who had accepted preferment into the hierarchy of the church neglected furthering a national reformation to pursue a reformation within the localities. As parliamentary reform was stunted in 1576, and Elizabeth I actively opposed activities such as prophesyings â€Å"†¦ younger generation of [Calvinist] clergy and academics†¦[became] disillusioned by the failure of the bi shops to continue the process of reformation† and instead devoted themselves to itinerant preaching as a means of reconstituting the church from among the localities. This local activism changed the dynamic of Puritanism from pursuing a top-down structural reformation of the church through parliament, to one of localised grass-roots evangelisation. Indeed, activities such as ‘prophesying’ led by men such as Thomas Lever were not a part of the official programme of the established church.Instead Puritans sought to establish an alternative form of ministry in response to the dissatisfaction with the biblically ignorant clergy; they had the intent on promoting a unity of belief based on assent rather than on ecclesiastical authority, a form of reformation which distinctly encouraged non-conformity to the church hierarchy. Increasingly, as Acheson has argued, Puritanism was becoming a force to further the reformation through the education and communication of the word God, in defiance of the ecclesiastical authorities, sharing similarities with radical spiritual movements that had appeared on the continent.Additionally, Hill has argued that among the localities, Puritanism acted as a social force in undermining the educational functions of the established church. The social impact of the preaching of the word, with its increased popularity revealed the monopoly of control the established church had over the formation of opinion. This understanding is clear from the 1580s through to the 1640s as in 1587 the high commission persecuted Bishop Cooper of Winchester for preaching. State censoring of the printing press elevated the importance of preaching as the only accessible means of via communication to the illiterate masses. †¦ preaching†¦ fulfilled the religious function of a confessional – it became a source of guidance on moral and economic conduct†. The issues of church and state were indeed closely parallel. The bishops tried to maintain a monopoly over the production of opinion, driving unlicensed competitors away by the power of the state while many Puritans evolved a theoretical justification of free trade in ideas in order to raise the educational and disciplinary level of all churchgoers.To the hierarchy, this pursuit had explosive anarchic possibilities that threatened state authority. Puritanism had started to become a force of social and spiritual enlightenment so that when the state deprived ministers of their licenses and lodgings, many of the average educated laymen sympathized with the Puritans, resulting in the beginnings of what Hill has interpreted as class resistance to the hierarchy.However, the focus of Puritanism from parliament as the vehicle for reformation to the localities meant Puritanism took the form as a grassroots Presbyterian movement, an extension of the hierarchical Puritans stress on the parishes for communal reformation, radicalising and decentralising the focus of reformation away from state institutions and to the ‘godly minority’.The nature of this dissatisfied ‘classis’ movement, meant that the Puritan campaign for ‘further reformation’ uniquely advocated a return to an apostolic ideal that sought the establishment of a church through conference, with an independent Confession of Faith and form of discipline. The consequence of such gatherings, led by men such as Laurence Thomson was the intensification of a separatist mentality that abandoned trust in the church establishment in favour of freely associating congregations, reflecting the disestablishmentarian qualities that would develop into separatism.Spurr has therefore argued that Elizabethan Puritanism cannot be described as a single force to further a single view of reformation. Instead, â€Å"It is a set of values and aspirations which gets re-defined†¦ in response to different circumstances†. By the late 16th century separatism be came a pursuit of â€Å"reformation without tarrying for any†. The dashed hopes of Puritans in furthering the reformation through parliament meant it necessarily became a movement of spiritual intensity â€Å"advocating preaching†¦pursuing a moral reformation†.Puritanism was a reactionary movement that necessarily re-defined itself during the Elizabethan era according to the achievability of its goals, determined by the changing sympathies of those in power, particularly the monarch. Disaffected by the failure to achieve substantial godly reform, Elizabethan Puritanism and its momentum had been halted until Elizabeth’s death. The pursuit of reformation by Jacobean Puritans from 1603 has been described as one fighting â€Å"false doctrine, corrupted sinful human influence and superstitious practice†; a reformation based upon furthering individual biblical piety.Those of puritan inclination had begun to be the most conscientious and active in the task of evangelizing the people, a task that confronted Puritan evangelists with the reality of the state of popular religion; a faith of â€Å"formality and devotion† reliant upon repetitious, ritualistic prayer. Theologically the Jacobean church was broadly Calvinistic and instead it was the application of godly living to ‘superstitious cultural practices’ that was the focus of the Puritan pursuit for reformation.Consequentially, the pursuit for communal reformation, in the early 17th Century, meant Puritan moral and spiritual values had begun to transform communities, especially in market towns. A study by Hutton shows a correlation between the gradual disappearance of traditional festivities and the activism of local Puritan groups who imposed sabbatarianism and punished any ‘ungodly’ activities according to their impulses for reformation. For example, the arrest book in the town of Dorchester which was dominated by a Puritan group from 1610 onwards r ecalls numerous arrests on market day for swearing or getting drunk.Supported by Underdown, these popular cultural activities deeply concerned Puritans as a strict morality was essential as a sign of an individual’s ‘elect’ status. The vigorous and sometimes violent activism therefore was a fundamentally religiously motivated practice, aimed at a moral and spiritual reformation. However, by the 1630s Acheson argues that Puritan pursuits for reformation among the localities became reactionary to Lauds policies, leading to the growth of separatism. Puritanical separatists represented a religiously disaffected minority which ould shape Puritanism to be a dangerous political movement, a future cause of the English Civil War by bringing â€Å"disparate religious forces in a common opposition to episcopacy†. The monopoly of power held by the Arminians over church policy meant there was strong Puritan opposition in Parliament to semi-catholic activities made lawf ul under Charles I. Between 1630 and 1640 66 members of the Canterbury diocese went elsewhere for sermons as opposed to just four in the years 1620-1629.Wrightson has argued, â€Å"the Arminian victory in the church†¦shattered the Jacobean Consensus within which Puritan evangelists in the localities had been able to shelter†. Consequently, Puritanism contributed to a broader popular revolt of opinion to the prevailing Government and the Arminian claims to hold a monopoly on truth. This created a climate of intolerance, one that made attending church services an activity that was intolerable to a large minority of people. This isolation of a Catholic fearing, Calvinistic majority strengthened the political and spiritual urgency for Puritan action that would define the parliamentary movement in 1640.Contrastingly, Wrightson has argued that renewed parliamentary, particularly religious opposition to Charles I, re-shaped Puritanism from being concerned with matters of church governance, to matters of royal prerogative and divine rule. Whilst opposition to Arminianism defined much opposition to Charles I, it was the inability of the commons to direct religious affairs with an unsympathetic monarch that was cause of the parliamentary, Puritan frustration. In the commons, by 1629, charges of heterodoxy were made against Laud and speeches were being made linking Arminianism and Catholicism with Spanish Tyranny.This mindset is best reflected in Sir Benjamin Rudyard’s Long Parliament speech where he said that the Arminian â€Å"†¦masterpiece now, is to make all those of the religion the suspected party of the Kingdom†. Puritanism had started to become, through the House of Commons, the direct, vocal opposition to Arminianism. There was a greater and renewed depth to the Puritan opposition by equating Arminianism with Catholic tyranny and the destruction of ancient constitutional liberties. Puritan concerns became nationalised being now cen tred on a Monarch perceived to be the ‘capital enemy to the†¦Commonwealth’ on both constitutional and religious grounds. Puritanism, as expressed by the Commons, was now an anti-monarchic force, a movement of national political as well as religious dissent. Marxist historian Hill has argued that Puritanism was a revolutionary social force which, because of its promotion of practical devotion and godliness, provided a new social ethic which converged with the needs of 16th and 17th Century bourgeoisie. Hill argues that Puritanical labour values fulfilled an economic function which benefited agricultural and industrial production as the hiring of cheap labour became a form of ‘poor relief’.Puritanism had the effect of promoting a body of ideas that encouraged dignity in labour for its own sake, providing smaller artisans and merchants with an excuse to exploit the poor as cheap labour. This economic desperation led to Puritans to devote their preaching t o promoting employment. Most notably, when a congregation of merchants gathered at the annual Stourbridge Fair to listen to the divine William Perkins, the list of towns represented are all notorious Puritan centres.The evidence would suggest that the complimenting values of cheap labour and Puritanism meant it was not solely a force that pursued any kind of reformation, whether that is moral or individual. Instead it became a social force â€Å"to root out idleness† with a special emphasis on the duty of working hard, for extolling the dignity of labour. Alternatively, Collinson has argued that Hill’s interpretation fails to note of Puritanism’s most spectacular successes were in converting elements of the ‘feudal’ class that Marxist historians have said it was trying to destroy; suggesting Puritanism was not a force for social revolution.Collinson argues that because â€Å"the [Puritan] propaganda†¦stood in as much need of noble protectionâ € ¦success belonged to those with their hands on the strongest levers†. Consequently, through commanding the sympathies of upper class gentry such as Leicester until 1588 and the Earl of Bedford on the eve of the civil war, Puritanism was able to achieve further reformation as a result of hierarchical support. These powerful individuals â€Å"served to render effective a vigilant†¦ puritan policy† which would be more important to the Puritan cause of furthering the reformation in its public consequences.Therefore, Puritanism was not a social revolutionary force which sought to destroy the Gentry classes but instead united the classes as a force that throughout 1558-1640 pursued the reformation by providing a safe social environment within the localities for Puritans to operate. Contrastingly, evidence suggests that support for Puritanism from among the merchant classes was more to do with reducing ‘popish idleness’ and therefore working towards a mor e ‘godly’ and reformed society. Puritans perceived issues of vagabondage and idleness as social consequences of Catholicism.For example, there was great disapproval over monks and nuns because â€Å"for all they do nothing† they nevertheless â€Å"riot lavishly of other folks’ labours†. They were parasitic rentiers – and these perceptions of idleness, to Puritans, had invaded the thought of the ‘sinful beggar’. Therefore, whilst many lower-middle class merchants were motivated by economic reasons to encourage Puritanism, it is too simplistic of Marxist historians to identify Puritanism as a force to manipulate class tensions.In fact, the over-riding motivational factor was the belief that they were serving God’s purposes by hiring the idle poor; they believed they were furthering the Godly reformation of both the ‘commonwealth’ and of the ‘reprobate’. Alternatively, Hill has argued that the secret victory of Puritanism was infact the cultural acceptance of Puritan values that was the result of a â€Å"strenuous intellectual effort†. Jeremy Collier was a Puritan who finally led to victory Puritanism’s battle against immorality of the stage.The social aspects of his attitude: â€Å"†¦ [the divulging] of poets only tends to debauch mankind and†¦of civil life† was the cause and effect of those views. Particularly, the restoration of sexualised theatre was attacked vigorously by Puritans such as Thomas Gouge. Arguably, the revival of an established preaching ministry post-1630s marks a significant transformation in how Puritanism contributed to a revolution of ‘social thought’.Puritanism had successfully influenced the culture in a way as to make their intellectual and social considerations mainstream within the established church. Puritanism had succeeded in acting as a force to promote a set of culturally impacting practices which was to then reflect onto the opinions of the people to transform England’s society, through impacting the culture. During the civil war, Marxist historians have interpreted the role of Puritanism as a unique social revolutionary force.Hill has highlighted that Puritanism was among the â€Å"flowering of radical, democratic and egalitarian notions among the common people† which he argues was part of an inevitable class struggle which defined the years 1642-1660 as a time of ‘revolution’. However, revisionist historians such as Dow have accustomed to the idea that in the 1640s and 1650s Puritanism was not a force confined to the struggle of one social group in an attempt to re-shape the social or political order. Instead, he has argued that England â€Å"†¦witnessed†¦ adical religious groups whose†¦ concern was to attack the notion of a disciplined, established national church†. Ignited by decades of religious oppression Puritanism had a r enewed spiritual intensity that for the first time in 100 years was united in the pursuit of one common goal; the reformation of the established national church centred on opposition to the royal supremacy. Historical debate therefore centres on whether Puritanism was a ‘revolutionary force’ against the crown preceding and during the Civil War.Revisionist, Collinson has argued that from 1635-1640 and the opening of the long parliament, Puritanism acted as a stabilising conservative force in preserving the true Protestant Religion upon which the throne and God’s favour was predicated. Indeed, Puritanism, whilst substantially growing pre-1640, was hardly a revolutionary force dissent was expressed in lawful, peaceful means of the King-in-Parliament via ordered national days of prayer and fasting. However, the sharp rise in frequency of prayer and fasting days in the 1640s which reached a total of 24 in 1643 suggests that this activity reflected instead a ‘spi ritual revolution’.What made Puritanism a revolutionary force was a perception among the Godly that they had to choose between two masters; to seek truth by obeying God or, to obey earthly authority. They chose the former. Charles I and Laud had created the very Puritanism that they dreaded, changing Puritanism from being a lawful conservative movement to one of forced religious and political radicalism founded upon unshakeable spiritual conviction. What Gardiner called ‘the puritan revolution’ had begun.Supported by McGiffert, this radicalised movement was an extension of the pursuit of a further reformation through the re-establishment of a national covenant. The Protestation that was introduced into the Commons on 3 May 1641 demanded that the swearer promise to defend â€Å"the true reformed religion†¦ against all†¦popish innovation in this realm†. A covenant of the Solemn League in 1643 bound England and Scotland together â€Å"to†¦ the reformation of the Church of England†. These national covenants were a direct attempt by Puritans to impose a spiritual reformation upon all the subscribers to the covenants.The advocates of these covenants thus saw themselves as fighting a war between against the ungodly and believed that they were holding the King accountable for breaking his covenant to defend the faith. It is important to recognise the great paradigm shift that took place within the English political establishment by 1646. Puritanism had embarked on flights ten times more daring than the Elizabethan agitation for ‘further reformation’, and a hundred times more devastating in its political consequences.The dynamic of the Puritan movement during the ‘Puritan Revolution’ is evidence that, as a force in the pursuit of a ‘godly reformation’, Puritanism demanded the spiritual renewal of an entire people that shook the English political establishment forever. In conclusion, Puritanism as a force between the years 1558-1660 to further the English reformation cannot be assessed as a singular movement united under one pursuit at any period. There is no doubt that Puritanism was born out of a sense of religious and spiritual dissatisfaction centred on the lack of progress of a ‘godly reformation’.It did however have a significantly broader social impact on England that surpassed simply religious reform. As Hill interpreted, Puritanism, most significantly in post-Elizabethan England prevailed as a force to impact upon the practices of the individuals, transforming social attitudes and the national conscience concerning labour and the national church. By acting as a force that sought to transform the culture, via popular opinion, Puritanism was able to make the religious and political advancements by the 1660s that they’d battled for decades.However, revisionist historian Patrick Collinson has rightly observed that whilst Puritanism was additionally a force for the promotion of distinct social thought â€Å"†¦ [it] was merely an outward expression of the aroused inner conscience†. After 1590 Puritanism as a political force had temporarily subsided and as there was a profound alteration in religious culture, the desires and aspirations for the pursuit of a godly reformation became internalised and ‘reformation’ had become an act of continual and deliberate submission to the divine will and purpose.It is within this understanding of the Puritan conscience that one can conclude the very identity of Puritanism as a force in the years 1558-1660 as of one in the direct pursuit of furthering the reformation. The first generation of Elizabethan bishops shared the Puritanical fervour for the encouragement of prophesyings and individual piety. This internal pursuit and conviction, from which Puritan action was born continued in spite of changing circumstances. The separatism of the 1630s and even the ‘Puritan Revolution’ in the 1640s was the result of this internalised fiery Puritan spirituality n which covenanting with God within either an individual, local or national context was the central and fundamental pursuit of Puritanism as a force to further the reformation. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Elizabeth I and Religion by Susan Doran 1994 [ 2 ]. The Emergence of a Nation State: The Commonwealth of England 1529-1660, Ch. 18, pg 147 ‘The challenge to the Church: Puritan opposition and Catholic threat’ by Alan G. R. Smith [ 3 ]. Lecture 10 – Early Modern England: Politics, Religion, and Society under the Tudors and Stuarts – chapter 3 – Protestants [ 4 ].The Elizabethan Puritan Movement by Patrick Collinson – Moderate Courses – Grindal pg 160 [ 5 ]. The Elizabethan Puritan Movement by Patrick Collinson – pg 161 â €“ ‘Anonymous Letter’ â€Å"It is greatly hoped for by the godly and well-affected of this realm that your lordship will prove a profitable instrument in that calling; especially in removing the corruptions in the court† It is suggested that either Walsingham or Mildmay wrote this letter, but scholars are uncertain. [ 6 ].Elizabeth I and Religion 1558-1603 by Susan Doran – Puritans pg 34 [ 7 ]. The Elizabethan Puritan Movement by Patrick Collinson – The Beginnings of a Party pg 51 – Thomas Lever was Archdeacon of Coventry [ 8 ]. Society and Puritanism in pre-revolutionary England – The preaching of the word by Christopher Hill [ 9 ]. Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England by Christopher Hill – ‘The Preaching of the Word’ [ 10 ]. Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England by Christopher Hill – ‘The Preaching of the Word’ [ 11 ].The Elizabethan Puritan movement by Patrick Collinson ‘The Early Presbyterian movement’ [ 12 ]. The Elizabethan Puritan Movement by Patrick Collinson – ‘The Early Presbyterian Movement† pg 135. [ 13 ]. Lecture 18 – Street Wars of Religion: Puritans and Arminians – Professor Wrightson of Yale University [ 14 ]. Lecture 18 – Street Wars of Religion: Puritans and Arminians – ’38 Puritans were severely punished by Laud acting from the Star Chamber – they were pilloried and had their ears slit off’. 15 ]. Radical Puritans in England 1550-1660 – ‘The Two Smoaking Firebrands’: Laud and the Growth of Religious Separatism – pg 36 – Table 2: Presentments for religious offences in the diocese of Canterbury, 1590-1640 [ 16 ]. In 1634 Lathrop and 30 members of his congregation left for America following the growing pressures of the authorities. [ 17 ]. The Early Stuarts 1603-1640 by Katherine Brice Chapter 6, Religion, 1603-1 640. [ 18 ].English Puritanism – ‘Jacobean Puritanism: Gestation And Rebirth’ – Sir Benjamin Rudyards speech to the Long Parliament â€Å"They have brought it to pass that under the name of Puritans all our religion is branded†¦whosoever squares his actions by any rule either divine or human is a puritan; whosoever would be governed by the king’s law, he is a Puritan†¦their masterpiece now, is to make all those of the religion the suspected party of the Kingdom†. [ 19 ]. English Puritanism – Puritanism and Society: Towns include: King’s Lynn, Norwich, Ipswich, Colchester, Coventry, Northampton and Leicester [ 20 ].Puritanism & Revolution by Christopher Hill – ‘William Perkins and the Poor’ [ 21 ]. Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England by Christopher Hill – ‘Conclusion’. [ 22 ]. Radicalism in the English Revolution 1640-1660 by F. D. Dow – ‘The Debate on the English Revolution’ [ 23 ]. Radicalism in the English Revolution 1640-1660 by F. D. Dow- ‘ The Religious Radicals’ [ 24 ]. FAST DAYS AND FACTION: THE STRUGGLE FOR REFORMATION, ORDER, AND UNITY IN ENGLAND 1558 – C. 1640 By Thomas Cornell Doumaux [ 25 ]. English Puritanism by Patrick Collinson [ 26 ]. English Puritanism by Patrick Collinson

“How does Alfred Hitchcock explore the duality of human nature in the film Psycho?” Essay

Alfred Hitchcock uses many ways to explore the duality of human nature in his films, especially in the 1960 horror thriller Psycho. The duality of human nature represents our inner self, aspects that are mainly opposites, the light showing good, the dark showing evil, the natural and the unnatural, are just some examples of human nature. Hitchcock explored the duality of human nature using ways such as lighting, dialogue, camera angles, music, comparing and contrasting what different characters would do when facing the same problem and individuation. According to Carl Jung, individuation is when a person confronts they inner side (usually the dark, negative and evil side). He believed that successful individuation meant that a person not only confronted their dark side, but conquered it as well and that people needed to recognise and confront the negative aspects of their personality or their â€Å"dark† side would destroy the person. This means that inside everyone, there is a darker side, an evil and bad side, that must be confronted, or it will ruin you. By looking at the two main characters Norman and Marion, and two minor characters, Sam and Lila, we can see the duality of human nature. Both Marion and Norman are being confronted with their inner dark self, yet, Marion conquers her dark side, while Norman lets it take over his life. Sam and Lila, however, are mostly seen as good and â€Å"natural†. There are many key scenes throughout the movie Physco, which explore the duality of human nature. Some of these scenes include the opening scene, the scene in which Marion is driving away after taking the money and the parlour scene. The blackness of Psycho’s opening credits sequence symbolizes death and the opening scene of Psycho starts with a pan view of the cityscape of Arizona. The shot, from a wide pan into a dark bedroom, leads the viewer into a dark, secretive space, showing the viewer immediately that we will witness something secretive and dark occurring during the film. The viewer also knows that the theme of hiding from something is established, as the two are hiding their affair, and Sam is hiding, or shying away, from marriage to Marion. We learn that the two have money problems, from Sam, who says, â€Å"I sweat to pay off my father’s debts and he’s in his grave. I sweat to pay my ex-wife alimony, and she’s living on the other side of the world somewhere†, and â€Å"A couple of years and my debts will be paid off, and if she ever remarries the alimony stops. † Marion knows the only problem between the two of them is money, and that if it wasn’t for money, the two could be together. It is at this time, that Marion begins to confront her inner self, the need for more money, so she herself can marry Sam, and not have to worry about her job. When Marion returns to work after her â€Å"lunch hour† she complains of a headache. When Marion’ s boss asks her to deposit $40,000 for him, â€Å"I don’t even want it in the office over the weekend. Put it in the safe deposit box in the bank and we’ll get him to give us a check on Monday instead†¦ † Marion sees this as a chance for her to finally be with Sam and solve all her financial problems. Behind Marion’s desk are paintings of sprawling lands, including images of trees, woods and natural landscape. These images juxtapose her isolation and show her desires for freedom. The scene in which Marion is driving away from Phoenix is also a key scene in which Hitchcock explores the duality of human nature. We see Marion driving away, after she leaves Phoenix and after she meets with the Police Officer, trades her car, and as she does so, the audience sees how uneasy she feels, the tension in her expressions, and we hear the imaginary voices she is hearing in her head, about what may be happening because she has taken the $40,000. Marion is thinking about what the consequences of her â€Å"theft† were, and what is happening back in Phoenix. The audience hears the voices in Marion’s head, the voices of Marion’s boss, her sister, what Marion is thinking. The audience is put into Marion’s mind. We feel the tension when she is being interrogated by the Police Officer and in a way, we feel relieved when she is let off, even though what she did was morally wrong. In many places in this scene, we are put into the point of view from Marion’s perspective, which brings duality of human nature not only to her, but to us as well, as we feel like WE are in the scene. Hitchcock does this as he wants the audience to think, what they would do if we were Marion’s position, which questions our own duality. Marion, while she is driving away with the stolen money, has currently let her dark, inner side take over her. She is taking advantage of her boss’s trust in her and is doing this out of personally greed and wealth. Here, Hitchcock is showing us what giving in to your inner dark side can result in. One of the major key scenes in Psycho that shows how Hitchcock explored the duality of human nature is the parlor scene, between Marion and Norman. At the start of the scene, after Norman returns from the house with milk and food, they converse briefly outside on the porch, and we see a reflection of Norman on the window. This shows his other side, his â€Å"mother† side, which has just been â€Å"lit† in him. The framings of Norman and Marion are unnatural. She is roundly lit, while he is being lit at angles and relatively more dim than Marion. He is a man, offering milk to a woman, and the openness he shows towards her symbolize the fact that he has chosen her as his next victim. However, it is not till they go into the actual parlor that Hitchcock explores the duality of human nature even more. The parlor room is quite small, which forces Marion and Norman to sit quite closely to each other. Even though they are both in the same room, the lighting the two receive is considerably different. Marion sits near a lamp, and her frame looks more lit, and well-rounded, giving her a glowing and warm feeling, as if she is good and positive. It appears to seem that she is redeeming herself from what bad she did before. Norman, however, has a frame with many shadows- a symbol of darkness and evilness and the lighting on him seems both angular and irregular, and unlike Marion, we cannot see the whole of Normans face, like as if Norman is hiding something. Also, while Marion looks like she is at total ease, Norman seems to be irregular and the atmospheres around him seems to be evil and dark. During almost the whole scene, Norman’s left side of his face is the only side that’s visible, while we can see the whole of Marion’s face. While both characters do not look to out of place in they individual frames, when they are put side by side, there is a clear contrast between Marion and Norman. Marion, in light colored clothing, seems to represent goodness and normalness, while Norman, in dark colored clothing, seems to represent evil, darkness, and a sense of abnormality. Here, we see very, very clearly the duality of human nature. Marion symbolizing the good, and Norman symbolizing the bad. But there is even more to this scene that adds onto the duality of human nature. We learn that Norman has a hobby for stuffing birds, and we see them, around the walls of the parlor, the camera often using a low angle shot to capture them. They seem to look over what is going on, and as they appear above Norman, look as though they are overpowering him, making his decisions and such. This shows that while Marion is trying to conquer her inner side, Norman has already let it conquer him. Norman asks Marion â€Å"What are you running away from? † and Marion seems shocked that he would ask. But when Norman says, â€Å"No. People never run away from anything. The rain didn’t last long, did it. You know what I think? I think that we’re all in our private traps–clamped in them. And none of us can ever get out. We–we scratch and claw, but only at the air–only at each other. And for all of it, we never budge an inch†, Marion begins to realize that she needs to go back and get out of her â€Å"trap† instead of trying to run away from it. We also find out that Norman himself is also in a trap, but he says, â€Å"I was born in mine. I don’t mind it anymore†, it shows us that Norman has not been able to conquer his inner side and has let it conquer him. Unlike Norman though, Marion does conquer her inner dark self and we know this when she says, â€Å"I’m very tired. And I have a long drive tomorrow–all the way back to Phoenix†, â€Å"I stepped into a private trap back there and I’d like to go back and try to pull myself out of it before it’s too late for me too. † This again emphasises the point that Marion is the good and natural side while Norman is the dark, evil and unnatural side. So by just looking at some of these key scenes in the film Psycho, we know that Alfred Hitchcock used many ways to explore the duality of human nature. He used lighting to bring some characters into â€Å"good light† and show the â€Å"goodness† in some and the â€Å"darkness† in others. He also used camera angles, the show the sense of normality in some and abnormality in others, making them natural or unnatural. What different characters said also explored the duality of human nature, as the dialogue was very important, as it gave us an inside view to what the characters were thinking as well as what they said. Individuation- confronting and conquering your inner dark side, also explores the duality of human nature. Comparing and contrasting characters was another way Hitchcock explored the duality of human nature as he compared the good characters to the bad, and what different characters would do under the same problem. So, it is clear to see, that Hitchcock used many successful ways to explore the duality of human nature in the film Psycho.

Enviornmental Logging Problems essays

Enviornmental Logging Problems essays Abolishing Logging Tactics To Save Fish Proves to Be Fatal to Surrounding Economy As most would interpret, densely wooded portions of land and or forests serve not only as a place of feasible ecological balance but also as a realm of majestic tranquility. Other individuals, ones with an opposing viewpoint, view forests as a potential profit baring resource eagerly waiting and standing to be taken. This simple rationale remains just the case some fifty mile outside the city of Seattle Washington on and around the Cedar River Watershed logging site. Recently, acting environmental parties argue that the commercial logging on and around the Cedar River is dramatically impacting the migration and spawning runs of both the Chinook and Coho Salmon populations. Logging industries contest, while obeying the no-cut buffer zone guidelines and following every environmental policy by the book, the economic benefits of continuing operations far outweigh those that call for the region to be transformed into an ecological wilderness preserve. It then becomes a question of access ing what remains more economically and environmentally feasible, both in the present and near future. One of the biggest factors reinforcing the movement to abandon the commercial logging sites around the Cedar River stem from the long-term effects operations have had on the declining Salmon populations. While considering all the cutting and logging restrictions currently enforced, in-stream run-off from commercial harvesting persists to remain the sole proprietor to this ongoing problem. As trees are cut, a small yet suitable amount of natural pollutants are formed. These pollutants, which typically consist of loosened soil and wooded stump particles eventually make their ways through the forests base and into the near by water supply via snow melt and heavy rains. As a result, the water quality and or purity of oxidization is dramatically affect ...

Lila 4 ever essays

Lila 4 ever essays Im going to talk about a film that I find really fascinating, a film called Lila 4 Ever. Lila 4 ever is a film about a 16 year old girl called Lila who is living in poor suburb somewhere in the former Soviet Union. She dreams about a better life. The film opens as Lila is packs her suitcase and waits for her mother and her new boyfriend to come and pick her up They are moving to Unites States. When mother and her boyfriend arrive, they tell her that she cant come with them now and Lila is promised to be able to join them very soon. Mum tells her that she is going to receive a latter soon with money for the ticked, but as no letter from her mother arrives, Lila realizes that shes been abandoned. She is left with her cruel aunt who kicks her out from apartment and forced to move into an old small dilapidated flat with no electricity or heating. She hangs out with some losers who also try to escape this unbearable world by sniffing glue and taking pills. Her only true friend is the 11-year-old boy Moldova who is with Lila the whole time. His he doesnt want to go home because his father is very violent so Moldova crashes in her apartment. He has falling in love with Britney Spears, but also falls in love with Lila too. He also dreams to play basketball professionally. Together Lila and Moldova travel around the area and fantasize about how one could make life easier to live. One day as the two of them are sitting on a bench Lila decides to scratches her name on a bench so it never disappears. As she cant find a job she is forced to prostitutes herself. After a firs paycheck she buys a basketball to her friend Voladja, because he had never had a basketball before. When he played by himself he threw a soda can instead of a ball. Well after a while Lila finds out that she cant bear sleeping with strangers so she stops. So in many ways she tries to coupe with a situa...

VB.NET LinkLabel Component Tutorial

VB.NET LinkLabel Component Tutorial LinkLabel, new in Visual Basic .NET, is a standard control that lets you embed web-style links in a form. Like a lot of VB.NET controls, this one doesnt do anything that you couldnt do before ... but with more code and more trouble. For example, VB 6 had the Navigate (and Navigate2 when the first one proved inadequate) methods that you could use with a URL text string to call a web page. LinkLabel is much more convenient and trouble free than older techniques. But, in sync with .NET architecture, LinkLabel is designed to be used with other objects to do the whole job. You still need to use a separate command to start an email or browser for example. Example code is included below. The basic idea is to put the email address or web URL into the Text property of a LinkLabel component, then when the label is clicked, the LinkClicked event is triggered. There are well over a hundred methods and objects available for the LinkLabel object including properties to handle everything you might want to do with a link like changing the color, text, position, how it behaves when you click it ... whatever! You can even check mouse buttons and positions and test whether the Alt, Shift, or Ctrl keys are pressed when the link is clicked. A list is shown in the illustration below: Click Here to display the illustrationClick the Back button on your browser to return An object with a really long name is also passed to this event: LinkLabelLinkClickedEventArgs. Fortunately, this object is instantiated with the nice short name used for all event arguments, e. The Link object has more methods and properties. The illustration below shows the event code and the Link object. Click Here to display the illustrationClick the Back button on your browser to return You will normally use the Text property of the Link object to get a URL or email address and then pass this value to System.Diagnostics.Process.Start. To bring up a web page ... System.Diagnostics.Process.Start(http://visualbasic.about.com) To start an email using the default email program ... System.Diagnostics.Process.Start(mailto: visualbasicaboutguide.com) But youre really limited only by your imagination in using the five overloads of the Start method. You could, for example, start the Solitaire game: System.Diagnostics.Process.Start(sol.exe) If you put a file in the string field, then the default processing program for that file type in Windows will kick in and process the file. This statement will display MyPicture.jpg (if its in the root of drive C:). System.Diagnostics.Process.Start(C:MyPicture.jpg) You can use the LinkLabel almost like a button by simply putting any code you like in the LinkClicked event instead of the Start method. The investigation of the hundred or so other possibilities is wa-a-a-y beyond the scope of this article, but here are a few examples to get you started. One new concept used in LinkLabel is the idea that there can be multiple links in a LinkLabel and theyre all stored in a LinkCollection type. The first element, Links(0), in the collection is created automatically although you can control what it is using the LinkArea property of LinkLabel. In the example below, the Text property of LinkLabel1 is set to FirstLink SecondLink ThirdLink but only the first 9 characters are specified as a link. The Links collection has a Count of 1 because this link was added automatically. To add more elements to the Links collection, just use the Add method. The example also shows how ThirdLink can be added as an active part of the link. Click Here to display the illustrationClick the Back button on your browser to return Its easy to associate different targets with the different parts of the Link Text. Just set the LinkData property. To make FirstLink target the About Visual Basic web page and ThirdLink target the main About.Com web page, simply add this code to the initialization (the first two statements are repeated from the illustration above for clarity): LinkLabel1.LinkArea New LinkArea(0, 9)LinkLabel1.Links.Add(21, 9)LinkLabel1.Links(0).LinkData http://visualbasic.about.comLinkLabel1.Links(1).LinkData about.com You might want to do something like this to customize links for different users. You could use code to make one group of users go to a different target than another group. Microsoft saw the light about hyperlinks with VB.NET and included everything you might want to do with them.

Case Study Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Case Study Analysis - Essay Example The environment may range from tangible to intangible factors, humans to objects. However, for Tim’s case the influences are situational given the problems he sought to solve arose from non ideal situations. The situation in this case is low morale. Morale is a psychological attitude characterized by enthusiasm and energy to work. Workers in the club clearly have low morale. The second problem is the lack of adequate motivation from the employee’s environment namely the management and fellow employees. This is an analysis of the psychological ties motivation and morale has by examining the workplace discrepancies (Nelson, 2010). The first discrepancy in the organization is the conflict between the management and employees. The case study on â€Å"money is not always the best reward† points out that the first problem Tim encounters is that of employees on stress leave due to conflict with management. Barling (2005) holds that conflict may result in psychological s trains such as stress. Three employees out of seventy five on stress leave is an indication that the problem is spinning out of control. This also reflects that the organization lacks appropriate conflict resolution strategies. This discovery also implies the lack of confidence the employees have in the management. Tim further discovers that additional four employees had work related accidents. Further research further shows that psychological strain may increase accidents at the workplace (Barling, 2005). Logic dictates that the club should investigate the cause of these accidents, but instead they set up a compensation policy and left it at that. A second problem at the club is that employees receiving directives from many authorities such as the board of directors overstepping their boundaries and giving direct instructions to employees. The result of this is that the employees experience conflict of interest which may lead to psychological strain. This conflict of interest goes as far as interdepartmental conflicts in between the club employees. Seeing as the employees roles were not well defined, they were not sure which functions to perform and how to perform them. In summary, the company did not a have proper job description and specification outline. The company also lacks Human Resource guidelines and Operational policies to guide the running of the institution (Nelson, 2010). Tim’s solutions: Tim’s critical decisions utilize a few psychological perspectives. Establishing that the main problem the employees have is low morale and lack of motivation as the start. Tim then set out to solve this problem. The findings of Elton Mayo concur with Tim’s reluctance to prioritize monetary reward to in solving his problems. The Hawthorne studies reveal that human needs in all spheres of life are complex; therefore, they require more than material rewards. Essentially a sociological approach, the human relations approach, however, has some es sential psychological characteristics that reflect on the situation at the club. The first, vital aspect Mayo reflects on is that individuals like feeling a sense of autonomy at the wok place. As such, they prefer that the management consult them on issues that involve their work situation. Modern work perspectives view employees in an organization as key partners, a source of sustained competitive advantage

Research Paper about Marijuana legalization - Criminal Justice Studies

About Marijuana legalization - Criminal Justice Studies - Research Paper Example This research paper is therefore important for identifying whether or not alternative responses to the social, economic and health issues linked to marijuana may be more appropriate. This research paper therefore proposes to identify the social, economic and health issues linked to the abuse of marijuana and whether or not the cost of decriminalizing marijuana is proportionate to these issues. I chose this topic because I have personally observed friends who use marijuana regularly. Some of these friends function no differently than friends who do not use marijuana. Some of these friends however appear to be lackadaisical and unmotivated and do not function productively. I found the disparity in my friends’ functioning interesting and wondered if the different reactions to marijuana use influence the controversy over whether or not marijuana use should be controlled by legislation. This research is conducted by a review of the literature on the pros and cons of legalising mari juana and the literature on the social, economic and health consequences of marijuana use. ... Significance of the Study 10 VI.Research Methodology 10 VII.Organization of the Study 11 Chapter Two 13 A Review of the Literature 13 I.Introduction 13 A.Public Opinion 13 B.Legal Issues 16 C.Economic Issues 18 D.Social and Health Costs 22 II.Conclusion 25 Chapter Three 26 Research Methodology 26 Chapter Four 29 Results and Analysis 29 I.Results 29 A.Semi-Structured Interviews 29 B.Questionnaires 31 III.Conclusion 35 IV.Strengths of the Research 36 V.Weaknesses of the Research 36 VI.Areas for Future Research 36 Bibliography 41 Chapter One Introduction to the Study I. Introduction An increase in marijuana use during the 1990s has given way to an intensification of the debate on the legalization of marijuana (Strang, Wilton, & Hall, 2000). Proponents in favor of legalizing marijuana argue that marijuana is harmless when used as a recreational drug and has therapeutic/medicinal value. Opponents of legalizing marijuana argue however, that marijuana should remain a banned substance since its use is harmful to personal health and to public safety (Strang, et. al., 2000). In more recent times the debate over the legalization of marijuana gained increasing currency with the medical community’s involvement. Within the medical community there was sufficient recognition of the medicinal value of marijuana to persuade some states to legalize marijuana for medicinal purposes. Medicinal marijuana is said to be an effective therapy for pain, nausea and vomiting linked to chemotherapy, excessive weight loss in AIDS patients and can help patients tolerate the side effects of some conventional treatments. Convinced of its medical value, between 1996 and

Violent video games Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Violent video games - Research Paper Example They had not much opportunities other than playing games to spend their free time. However, teenagers of current era are getting more opportunities to spend their free time. The arrivals of computer, internet, television and mobile phones have brought immense opportunities to them. These channels or media offer many opportunities to play video games. It should be noted that playing some kind of games in the ground require some physical effort. On the other hand, not much physical effort is needed for playing videogames. That is why lazy modern generation is running after videogames. Two features of video games fuel renewed interest by researchers, public policy makers, and the general public. First, the active role required by video games is a double-edged sword. It helps educational video games be excellent teaching tools for motivational and learning process reasons. But, it also may make violent video games even more hazardous than violent television or cinema. Second, the arrival of a new generation of ultraviolent video games beginning in the early 1990s and continuing unabated to the present resulted in large numbers of children and youths actively participating in entertainment violence that went way beyond anything available to them on television or in movies. Recent video games reward players for killing innocent bystanders, police, and prostitutes, using a wide range of weapons including guns, knives, flame throwers, swords, baseball bats, cars, hands, and feet (Anderson) Some people argue that videogames help teenagers to increase their mental abilities and it should be encouraged as much as possible. On the other hand others are of the view that over influence of videogames may affect the physical, mental and emotional developments of teenagers. In do believe that playing excess videogames is not at all good for the teenage community. This paper argues against excessive playing of videogames with the help if arguments in favor and against videogame playing. â€Å"Gentile & Anderson (2003) state that playing video games may increase aggressive behavior because violent acts are continually repeated throughout the video game. This method of repetition has long been considered an effective teaching method in reinforcing learning patterns† (p.4). One of the major negative impacts of playing videogame is the development of aggressive behavior among the children. Anderson & Dill (2000) also pointed out the development of aggressive behavior among the teenagers as a result of excessive videogame playing. In their opinion, â€Å"long term video game players can become more aggressive in outlook, perceptual biases, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior than they were before the repeated exposure or would have become without such exposure† (Anderson & Dill, p.774). Aggressive behaviors are increasing day by day among teenage communities. It should be noted that in schools of western countries, plenty of shooting and violent inci dents are taking place periodically. On the other hand, such violent behaviors among teenage communities in the underdeveloped countries are less. This is because of the fact that teenagers in the developed countries are getting more opportunities to play videogames because of the

Research of Excellent Fruit Juice Co Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Research of Excellent Fruit Juice Co - Essay Example This business plan is comprised of company description. Company description informs the stakeholders and readers of products produced by the company and where it is situated among others. Third chapter is industry analysis, where it covers trends in the food and drink industry. Fourth chapter is a marketing plan, where it describes the target market, sales objectives, promotion activities and marketing strategy among other key areas. Fifth chapter is about operations. In this chapter, the company highlights and explains where it will source its fruits, plant and equipment as well as production process. Sixth chapter states company’s structures and the number of employees needed in each department. The last chapter; financial plan indicates the amount of money it is required to start and operate the business in the first year. It also indicates where these funds would be sourced and how it would be applied to enable the company attain its objectives 2.0 Company Description Exce llent Fruit Juice Co. (EFJC) is a public company, which produce fresh fruit juice and fruit juice. It will begin its operations in April 2013 and would be headquartered in Newcastle, North of England. Its core business is to produce both fresh fruit juice and fruit juice from a variety of fresh fruits available in the UK. Some of the key fruits to be used in the production process are oranges, lemons, melons, pineapple, mangoes and berries among others. The founder of the company Mr. Jones Cook would be chief operating officer. The company intends to produce 100% natural products, which are safe and in variety of flavors in a bid to exploit the fresh fruit market and enhance nutrition for its consumers Furthermore, the company intends to be one of the fastest growing in UK and other parts of Europe. It would acquire and build outstanding fruit juice plant to meet fruit juice and smoothie needs of the people of Newcastle and its surroundings 2.1 Managing Stakeholders Expectations Tab le 1: Stakeholders’ Mapping using company’s stakeholder interest and influence matrix Ricart (2005 p. 100) explains that managing expectations of key stakeholders involves stakeholder mapping. Therefore, the company would manage its expectations so as to reduce potential conflicts. The company uses stakeholder interest and influence matrix to map its stakeholders. Employees and Government are the most important stakeholders of the company. Employees influence the company through their action and benefit from the company by receiving salaries. On the other hand, government through legislation can influence company’s operations. The government is also interested in the health of it citizens and have increased scrutiny in food and drinks industry. Customers are interested in the products while suppliers are interested in marketing their supplies. However, they have low influence because they cannot control operations of the company because the company would easily switch to other suppliers if need arises. Donors exert control through regulation of funds to the company and are not necessarily interested in company’s outcome. Figure1: Balanced Scorecard of the company The above scorecard would help the company’s management have a fast compressive view of the companies (Phadtare 2011, P.72). 3.0 Industry Analysis Food and drink industry is critical for societal health and financial outcomes in

Does ultilitarianism clash with John Stuart Mill's theory of liberty Essay

Does ultilitarianism clash with John Stuart Mill's theory of liberty - Essay Example democracy, skepticism and tradition (this he does at the same time), and liberty but each must avoid dogmatic thinking while operating, and the rights of the individual are sacrosanct. His extraordinary thoughts are difficult to understand, but if grasped as for their correct import, they must provide lots of valuable input for the practicing politicians of the day, as well as to evaluate the works of the thinkers, past and present! It is difficult job for an ordinary reader to try to understand whether his utilitarianism clashes with the theory of liberty; for the intelligent also, it is a tough exercise. Whereas he focuses on the individual and extols freedom, he dubs majority humanity as mediocre. Why the defender of freedom entertains such contradictory ideas? Critics, therefore, dub Mill as one of the most egotistical and arrogant philosophers. J. S. Mill was an English philosopher and economist. He wrote Utilitarianism in 1861. This essay propounds a moral and legal theory, with roots in classical philosophy. Its argument is straightforward. â€Å"Morality consists in bringing about the best state of affairs, and that the best state of affairs is the state with the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. Utilitarianism continues to be an important theory in modern philosophy.† (Spark Notes†¦) Mill had problems later with his own aversions to say that utilitarianism was too unemotional and that it failed to capture or understand the higher pleasures. His struggle to reconcile Utilitarianism is evident in his later writings but he did not reject utilitarianism as a moral theory. He continued to uphold a more complex version of utilitarianism. Mill defines utilitarianism as a theory based on the principle that "actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness."(Spark Notes) Happiness according to Mill is pleasure and the absence of pain. Having said this, he

Research of Excellent Fruit Juice Co Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Research of Excellent Fruit Juice Co - Essay Example This business plan is comprised of company description. Company description informs the stakeholders and readers of products produced by the company and where it is situated among others. Third chapter is industry analysis, where it covers trends in the food and drink industry. Fourth chapter is a marketing plan, where it describes the target market, sales objectives, promotion activities and marketing strategy among other key areas. Fifth chapter is about operations. In this chapter, the company highlights and explains where it will source its fruits, plant and equipment as well as production process. Sixth chapter states company’s structures and the number of employees needed in each department. The last chapter; financial plan indicates the amount of money it is required to start and operate the business in the first year. It also indicates where these funds would be sourced and how it would be applied to enable the company attain its objectives 2.0 Company Description Exce llent Fruit Juice Co. (EFJC) is a public company, which produce fresh fruit juice and fruit juice. It will begin its operations in April 2013 and would be headquartered in Newcastle, North of England. Its core business is to produce both fresh fruit juice and fruit juice from a variety of fresh fruits available in the UK. Some of the key fruits to be used in the production process are oranges, lemons, melons, pineapple, mangoes and berries among others. The founder of the company Mr. Jones Cook would be chief operating officer. The company intends to produce 100% natural products, which are safe and in variety of flavors in a bid to exploit the fresh fruit market and enhance nutrition for its consumers Furthermore, the company intends to be one of the fastest growing in UK and other parts of Europe. It would acquire and build outstanding fruit juice plant to meet fruit juice and smoothie needs of the people of Newcastle and its surroundings 2.1 Managing Stakeholders Expectations Tab le 1: Stakeholders’ Mapping using company’s stakeholder interest and influence matrix Ricart (2005 p. 100) explains that managing expectations of key stakeholders involves stakeholder mapping. Therefore, the company would manage its expectations so as to reduce potential conflicts. The company uses stakeholder interest and influence matrix to map its stakeholders. Employees and Government are the most important stakeholders of the company. Employees influence the company through their action and benefit from the company by receiving salaries. On the other hand, government through legislation can influence company’s operations. The government is also interested in the health of it citizens and have increased scrutiny in food and drinks industry. Customers are interested in the products while suppliers are interested in marketing their supplies. However, they have low influence because they cannot control operations of the company because the company would easily switch to other suppliers if need arises. Donors exert control through regulation of funds to the company and are not necessarily interested in company’s outcome. Figure1: Balanced Scorecard of the company The above scorecard would help the company’s management have a fast compressive view of the companies (Phadtare 2011, P.72). 3.0 Industry Analysis Food and drink industry is critical for societal health and financial outcomes in

Critical Thinking Questions - Project Management Essay

Critical Thinking Questions - Project Management - Essay Example In studying a project life cycle, one will find that the phases within a project create deliverables and these deliverables allow the project to move forward to the next step or allow the project to be terminated based on quality outcome or condition of the phase deliverable. If we consider the project life cycle, with its one or more intermediate phases, we would find that projects do share many characteristics. A project is a unique endeavor to produce a set of deliverables within clearly specified time, cost and quality constraints. It is different from standard business operational activities as well as from processes as they: 1) are unique in nature without any repetitive processes; 2) defined by a timescale; 3) have an approved budget; 4) have limited resources; 5) involves an element of risk; and, 5) achieves beneficial change. (Westland 2006, p. 2) Meanwhile, all projects, from technology to architecture, are composed of processes – the series of actions with a common, parent goal in order to create result. It is important to highlight the aspect that people perform processes. Processes within project management monitor and move the project phases along. There are two types of processes. These are the product-oriented processes, the activities that complete a project’s phase and life cycle; and, the project management processes, which are the activities that are universal to all projects. (Phillips 2003, p. 85) One of the major problems in project planning is identifying how long tasks will take and what it will cost to accomplish them. Inaccurate estimate is a major threat to a project’s success and that missed cost targets could cause trouble and recrimination in project management. The Work Breakdown Structure or WBS is the most useful tool in addressing these problems. The idea of this method is to subdivide a complicated task into smaller tasks, until one reaches a level that cannot be further subdivided. Through this

Topshop Transactional website Essay Example for Free

Topshop Transactional website Essay Topshop is a transactional website that specifically sells merchandise like clothes, shoes and accessories. The audience intended to shop at Topshop is varied between teenagers and middle aged women around 35 years old. As I navigated around the Site I believe that it would fulfil the needs of the audience with its wide variety of merchandise. Site Structure The homepage of Topshop is well decorated and brightly colour to obtain the customers attention. The site is also updated every week to keep the site fresh and original looking. As you can see from the screenshot above there is a list of options down the left hand side of the site navigating you to Shop products and to the different shop information. The first listing on the column is Shop by which takes the customer to the different categories of stock e. g. Fashion Tops, basic Tops, Dresses etc. Also on the main column there are a number of options to click upon Shop By When clicked upon shop by opens a new window showing the different items of merchandise a customer can purchase New Shows you the items recently added to the Topshop website and what you can purchase in the Topshop store Collections collections shows the customer the different type of styles i. e. Punk, Office etc and different types of designer that design for Topshop e. g. Celia Birtwell Topshop Boutique This option also shows you different types of designers but the designers are not house hold names but are well known e. g. Richard Nicoll and Markus Lupfer. The TEE shop the tee shop shows the different style of plain t-shirts you can purchase in every colour so that if youre looking for a simple top it will be easily found. The denim shop this includes all denim items the Topshop provide e. g. Jeans. Jackets etc TOPSHOP mini Topshop mini is a new selection on this website this consist of many various items supplied for small babies. Topshop info when this option is chose this brings the customer to whatever information they are seeking for example Return policy or Postage and Package cost. Also located in the options in the left hand side is Topshop info when clicked upon this brings the viewer to various options like Store Locator, Contact us, policies or Services and Help. Topshop site is well laid out and simple to navigate around, the Information like Privacy is straightforward to find and will make customers more relaxed about purchasing over the internet. However there are no search facilities or site map which might be a downfall to Topshop success but as you continue viewing this site the customer will realise that the site is well laid out and therefore there will be no need for these functions. The arrangement throughout the site is simple enough to follow for someone who can use computers but for a newcomer or older person this site would take a lot of time and effort to get adjusted to. The services and help are clearly marked in the Topshop site and its easy to use, simple layout of the information is well documented and is very useful. The domain name of the site is Topshop which I consider to be really memorable as it is short but appealing. As Topshop is a renowned site if entered into any search engineer e. g. Google, it will locate the site. When entered the site is quick and effortless to load which is a huge advantage also as no password is needed to enter the Topshop website any user is aloud to access it. The Topshop website is in keeping with the corporate identity and the Topshop font on the website is the same as the Topshop high street store and the corporate design on the sales bag.

Employee Turnover In The Hospitality Sector In China

Employee Turnover In The Hospitality Sector In China People are one of the most significant resources for business, especially in the people-intensive and service- intensive hospitality industry (Kong and Baum, 2006). Additionally, front office plays a role of reception and marketing as well as the brain in the hotel, and it is an important factor that has impact on hotels image and reputation. An increasing number of research in China and in the world are keen on investigating human resources management about the turnover in hospitality industry (Liu,2002; Baum et al.,2006). Gustafson (2002) indicated that high employee turnover had been widely accepted and documented in the hospitality industry. The study also showed the relationship between managers perceptions and staff turnover. Moreover, Poulston (2008) found the poor training was associated with workplace problems, and improving in the training part is likely to reduce the thorny problems such as under-staffing. The result proved via questionnaires indicated that in the hospitality industry, the employers were not generally looking for hard technical skills, especially in the front line positions, but rather soft skills (Nickson et al., 2005). Such soft skills encompass attitude and it was also the essential parts affect staff aspirations about changing work all the time. In brief, turnover in hospitality is affects not only including psychological factors but also physical factors. It is clear that China has a bright future in the hospitality industry, and absolutely it is with potential to open the outside world and thus to obtain advanced international management skills as a result. China is still facing the problem of shortage of quality personnel and high staff turnover which might relate to culture of bias to the hotel jobs (Kong et al., 2006). Due to the importance of about turnover in the hospitality industry, some of the psychological and physical factors may similar be all around the world, yet in China, culture differentials also exist about the job nature in the hospitality industry. 2.2 Turnover KPMG (1991) and Timo (1999) pointed out that high staff turnover rates in the hospitality industry are largely higher than manufacturing industries in Australian labor market. Timo (1999) indicated that hospitality sector employment is always described as a mode of instability and flexible form of employment. In addition, findings in Timos survey (2005), a unit of percentage can evidence this statement: only 23.2% of employee respondents had been employed by the hotel 3-5years. It is also worth mentioned that only a little more half or 56.5% of respondents had been employed for less than two years. Similarly, about half of the manager respondents have been employed by one hotel for more or less two years. A survey conducted by Kong and Baum (2006) found that 75% respondents in front office was their first experience of working in hotel sector. Only about 30% respondents indicated that they plan to stay on their job for one to three years. This percentage largely reflects the potentia l workforce turnover in hospitality environment. Awareness about staff turnover cannot just stay on the surface, it must recognize that staff instability is not only the loss of talent, but that also would result in more costs in hotels. According to the survey by Mitchell (2001), he indicated that turnover is costly in any kind of operations. Cost here is a general concept. It concluded intangible and tangible factors. The former involved loss of experience, technical skills, relationships knowledge etc. The latter is concerned about adding money to recruitment, training, creating of candidates. Additionally, Hinkin and Tracey (2008) also published a report regarding the cost profiles associated with staff turnover in Cornell Hospitality Quarterly. They divided the turnover cost into hard costs, soft costs and opportunity costs. Meanwhile they listed five cost categories during the recruitment, selection, training and development, and performance. The authors found out that the results that the managers spent a great amount of tim e and money in recruitment and selection new staff because of the poor quality of the candidates pool and high turnover rates existing in the hotels. The front office is the first place that customers have contact with a hotel, which employees provided the first impression to the customers about the hotel service. In other words, the front office represents the hotels image and as a consequence staff in front office must know all the answers concerned in hotel to make customers happy( Kaye, Thomas, 2000,pp24-P25). Meanwhile, the clerks in hotel front office face big challenge on daily work. Working stress is one of the reasons that caused staff turnover can be found (Lo and Lamm, 2005). Pressure caused by working challenge may give rise to staffs leaving desire and foreshadowing the final turnover in the hospitality. Moreover, several physical factors have an effect on staff satisfaction about the current job. In Hinkin and Traceys (2000) work, they analyzed major causes for turnover arose, poor working environment, low wages, unreasonable management and lacking guiding for employees and poor training is also mentioned in this work. From the literature it is evident that human resource challenges found that there are many regions all around the world are confronted with the same issue about staff turnover and specifically, the problem of seasonal employment in tourist regions trouble the hotel managers a lot. Martin et al. (2006) published a research paper and summarized that the bad image of tourism hospitality industry, unfavorable working environment, few development and promotional opportunities, these are all the candidates perceptions and the most significant factors for managers to improve and in order to attract and retain the workforce. Specifically, there is an outstanding issue in the hospitality industry that the staff working in hotels is younger and younger and it has closely relationship with turnover issue. According to a New Zealand survey, almost half or 40% of the employees in hospitality sector are less than 25-years-old, the biggest group of the staff being 15-19 year (Whiteford and Nolan 2007).Working in hotel, as well as in front office, the most significant requirement for the staff is not skill levels but service attitude. Selection methods for recruitment can discern such feature, it relied 79% on application forms, 74% on curriculum vitae or/and 89% on interviews and references (60%) (Nickson, Warhurst and Dutton, 2005). A pertinent study conducted by Norris (1995) found that there are low barriers for person to enter most of the hotels, to be front-line personnel. Therefore, low barriers interests young workforce to looking for job in hospitality industry. Meanwhile, the youth staff in front offic e is one of the reasons for its workforce instability. Play and work, this notion may attract those employees to choose jobs in hotel which has low skill barriers to enter as well as opportunities to travel and exciting. (Accirrt, 1996; Chalmers and Kalb,2001) In other words, with the phenomenon of the seasonal turnover, human resource managers in the hotel cannot ignore the using of the students as a temporary labor pool (Farnsworth, 2003). There is no doubt that the close relationship among the local hospitalities and the hospitality manager schools and the tourism manager colleges, they can help provide potential workforce to the hotels. Also, the author advocates that hospitality operators should provide job related training to the students and improve their working competitive strength. Organizational commitment, missions, goals and direction Organization commitment is playing a significant role which as a factor reducing employee turnover in the hospitality industry (Kazlauskaite et al,.). According to Greenberg and Baron (2000, pp.181) definition, organization commitment is an extent to which an individual identifies and is involved with his or her organization or is unwilling to leave it. And there are three types of organizational commitment: affective commitment, continuance commitment and normative commitment (Meyer and Allen, 1991). Among these three types of commitment, affective commitment may be considered most desirable for an organization. In addition to the reduction of employee turnover, according to Schuler and Jacksons research result (1999), they found out that employee organizational commitment was also seen to be important for quality improvement and maintain the importance of such human resource practices as teamwork, appropriate feedback system. Furthermore, employee empowerment as a factor can enhanc e organizational commitment. Empowerment is a rather complex process and it is hard to definite until now, but Lovelock and Wright (1999) define empowerment in service industry as the authorization of an employee without asking for a supervisors approval to help customers to find out service problem solutions and make appropriate decisions. And with regard to the relationship between psychological empowerment and organizational commitment, Sigler and Pearson (2000) found the positive relationship between them and Janssen (2004) indicated that psychological empowerment can be viewed as a way to stimulate an individuals commitment to the organization. Basically, empirical evidence suggests that the hotels organization mission, goals and direction influence employee retention and job productivity. And the organization development direction and support had a significant impact on employee job satisfaction and overall commitment (Kim, Leong, Lee, 2005). Susskind et al.s (2000) research also indicated that perceived organizational support strongly insfluences job satisfaction and employees commitment to their organizations. US Department of Labor (1993) on high performance work practices revealed that involving employees in decision-making, goals and the direction of an organization through participation in terms will help reduce turnover rate and produce job employee satisfaction. Furthermore, Cho et al. (2006) also reported that organizations which non-managerial employees are more likely to experience higher turnover rate comparting with which have high-performance work practice in the organization. Hotel culture and communication According to Becker and Huselid (1999), hotel culture creates competitiveness since it changes staffs working behavior by making them act consistently with the hotels desired corporate culture, thus influencing employee retention. Most of other researches indicated that there were uncovered similar findings between hotel culture and staff turnover rate and retention. For instance, according to Milman and Ricci (2004), they revealed that among the most powerful indicators to predict hourly staff retention in the hospitality industry were positive experiences with the hotels policies and with the hotels humane approach to staff. Work environment and job design In terms of the working environment and job design, most of the studies found that employees who had positive experience with regards to working hours, sense of fulfillment with their jobs and higher level of job satisfaction are more likely to stay with current employer. Although employees care lots about the monetary rewards which can be a top motivator for employee retention, having a comfortable working environment and flexible working hours were also important motivators (Wildes, 2007).The research work performed by Martin (2004), he pointed out the working situation has a quite important influence on the staffs perception and working attitudes. Accordingly, the working performance also impacted by the employees satisfaction of the working environment. Continuously improving the ethical problem in the hospitality, it will ultimately lead to the lower staff turnover and the successful retention of the talent workforce. What is more, the result that hourly employees retention was predicted by self-fulfillment and working conditions, even over monetary rewards was confirmed by empirical studies of lodging properties in Central Florida (Milman Ricci, 2004). Hires and promotions According to the searching result, numerous of the studies examine the impact of hiring and promotion activities on retention and performance (Becker Huselid, 1999; Cho, Woods, Jang, Erdem, 2006; Huselid, 1995; Milman, Hourly employee retention in small and medium attractions: the central Florida example, 2003). Based on the Pfeffer (1999) research, hotels which wishing to succeed in todays global competitive environment must make adequate HR investment and build staff who possess better skills and capabilities than their competitors. In addition, it is important that selective hiring procedures can ensure effective retention of the most qualified employees while lowering staff turnover in the long term (Huselid, 1995). Customer relationship The relationship between employees and customers is a connection that cannot be ignored. A theory about employees and customers satisfaction was tested by Heskett (1990), clients satisfaction is base on the employees satisfaction in the hotel. More precisely, employees in the hotel are the significant factor which is root for hospitality operation. Furthermore, the research study by Dienhart et al. (1992) found that there were positive relationship between customer centeredness and the staffs constructive views of job involvement, job security and satisfaction. If staff can feel that the hotel takes good cares of them, in return, they will provide a better service to customers to meet and/or exceed their expectation. They are more likely lead a higher satisfaction both staff and customers, also to better staff performance, thus making them less likely to leave (Arnett, laverie, McLane, 2002), positively influencing staff retention. Training High quality level training is one effective measure for staff retention. Several studies show that the close relationship between training activities and productivity and retention. In hotels where staff receives the proper training needed to assume greater responsibility, turnover rates are generally lower (Youndt, Snell, Dean, Lepak, 1996). And meanwhile Youndt et al. (1996) theorize that human resource practices designed to develop talented and ream-oriented workers improve staff productivity and customer satisfaction. With the same working situation for choosing, to the candidates, they prefer to apply for work at the hotel properties which have done well with the career progression image (Martin et al, 2006). Alexander and Nuchols (1994) also support a positive relationship between high quality level training and employees turnover. Moreover, work by Poulston (2008) investigated that some turnover is redeemable, meanwhile some is inevitable. In such a case, if hotel provides p roper training focus on individual development features, employees are likely to stay long, and try their best to enjoy a complex and stressed environment. Obviously, hotels with substantial training opportunities should experience lower turnover rates according to Shaw et al.s (1998) research. However, an interesting finding also by Shaw et al. (1998) included a positive relationship between training and the discharge rate. They indicated that hotels provide more training opportunities are concerned about staff skills and performance, and therefore experience a high percentage of staff terminations. Conversely, hospitalities that experience a high discharge rate initiate training activities because of lower workforce skill levels. Employee recognition, rewards and compensation The most notable among hotels retention initiatives is compensation and benefits. Numerous studies have addressed the impact of employee compensation, rewards and recognition on turnover and retention (Walsh Taylor, 2007). In terms of wages, a survey by Norris(1995) indicated that workforce in hotel are usually low paid, compared with government average wage, staff in hotel earns just about 73% of the whole industry average. Another survey conducted by Choy (1995) pointed out that hospitality employees average annual salaried have been found to be about 16.5% to 31.6 % below than the hotel industry average and government average wage. Additionally, highly competitive wage system promotes employee commitment and thus results in the attraction and retention of a superior workforce (Guthrie, 2001). And other further survey noted that staff will remain with an organization as long as it serves their self-interest to do so better than the alternatives available to them elsewhere (Shaw, J enkins, Gupta, 1998). Although several study investigated the compensation can strongly influenced the staff turnover rate, also several other research have indicated that compensation in the form of base or variable pay may not be sufficient to attract or retain staff. The most important retention predictors included intrinsic fulfillment and working conditions rather than monetary rewards were confirmed by Milman (2003). Moreover, the absence of opportunity for professional growth and development affects hotels turnover rate and retention instead of compensation and work-life balance (Walsh Taylor, 2007). Leadership and human resource management partnership Furthermore, another survey (Gustafson, 2002) found that the frequency of managers in hotel sector filling in for workers has a negative relationship with turnover. If front offices managers working side-by-side with front-line clerks, teamwork sense developed from staff so that they will recognize that they are needed. At the same time, the managers action will lead to a sense of belonging and heightened communication, and therefore they would be less likely to leave. Contrarily, poor management, conflict between manager and front-line employees are all negative for daily operation in front office. It is not only negative for customer satisfactory, but also passive for staff to set career perspective it will lead employees more likely to turnover. A survey by Tutuncu and Kozak (2007) noted that supervision within the hospitality industry can bring job dissatisfaction, and otherwise staff turnover. What is more, Chew et al. (2005) reveals that hotel with a value profile of either eli te or leadership, complemented with strategic HRM effectiveness will enhance financial performance. Instead of just focusing on single practice like staffing, the simultaneous use of multiple sophisticated human resource practices was assessed, which was identified as a link between organization-level outcomes and groups of high performance work practices (Huselid, 1995). All the prior work has consistently found that the effective of human resource management initiatives increased staff productivity and retentions. Specially, recruitment and training process, working environment, labor-management and performance appraisal, promotion and incentive compensation system that all been linked with valued firm-level outcomes (Huselid, 1995). Although the effects of human resource management practices on employee turnover and retention of organization-level is significant, many of the research in the hotel industry paid more attention to the individual-level predictors of turnover (Shaw, J enkins, Gupta, 1998). 2.3 Turnover in China According to the statistics from China National Tourism Administration Office(2008), it is shown that Chinas current tourism related staff were around 6million, while the actual the need of that are about 8 million or more. Therefore, the talent gap between the practical situation and the expectation is about 2 million. On the other hand, the loss of existing tourism practitioners was very serious. The ordinary turnover rate is 5% to 10% in the general industry, while the turnover rate is as high as 20% or more in the tourism industry, especially the higher qualification, the higher rate of brain drain. (The Yearbook of China Tourism, 2008) The increased mobility of human resources in the hotel industry was becoming increasingly prominent, the brain drain had become a primary problem troubled hotel mangers. The turnover rate in other industries was about 5% to 10%, while the appropriate turnover rate in hospitality industry was about 8%. However, China Tourism Association, Human Resource Development and Training Center did an investigation in twenty three domestic cities in thirty three of two to five stars hotels human resource department, and found that the average turnover rate was 23.95% (Wang, 2009). According to statistics, it can be seen that the hotel staff turnover rate was 3 times more than the appropriate turnover rate, and it showed a gradual upward trend. Zhang and Wu (2004) also indicated that one of the key issues of human resource challenges of Chinas hotel was the high staff turnover rates. A paper published by Zhao et al. (2006) introduced that the high turnover rate in Hospitality industry is a universal existence question which puzzles the managers a lot. The literature concluded some reasons of employees turnover: instable work, little chance for promotion, pursuit higher returns and display their values, want to obtain the respect of personality, etc. Additionally, the author Fei (2009) did an investigation on the negative influence of hotel turnover, including cost allowance, undermine the team morale, and reduce the credibility of brand, loss business information, and decline the service quality. After analyzing the reasons that leading to the staff instability in China hospitality industry, Zhao brought forward some countermeasures: improve the staff training, make plans for staff career development, and focus on communication to strengthen the emotional management, improve the hotel and cultural construction to foster people-oriented management concept. Meanwhi le Fei analyzed the potential development direction from different angles of social factors, corporate factors and individual factors to elaborate the importance of staff loyalty. Many hotel staff graduated from hotel management and have quite potential to be outstanding employees in hospitality industry, but all these outstanding staffs instability was also troubled their corporate managers a lot. Research from Zhang (2006) was focus on investigating the reasons of hotels outstanding employee turnover and introduced the ERG theory, after that he tried to solve the core issue in the hospitality industry: how to maintain the outstanding staff and pursue the hotels long-term stability and development. In this report, Zhang indicated that the outstanding employees outflow from their desire of leaving and the ERG theory used here to analyze the employees core requirement to prove that staff advantages should be discovered. Additionally, the author enumerates some positive examples to expound some recommendations for hotel and employees to establish loyalty mutually. It terms of the human resource management, dynamic management, relative to the static management, is also a research issue in China. Chen (2006) found out that in order to control the mobility of the employees and reduce the turnover and loss, the hotel should carry out the comprehensive, systematic and long-term dynamic management. Additionally, Chen advocated that investigate the hotels turnover situation, the searchers would not only investigate the external internal environment changing but also do some researches about the human resource inflow outflow and human resource flowing in the corporate at the same time. After that, Chen indicated the most important countermeasure was to establish the warning mechanism. Zhang and Wus (2004) did research about the human resources issues the hotel facing in China. It must mention that the authors analyze challenges the Chinese hotels were facing via hospitality perspectives, travel perspectives and university perspectives, and indicated the hospitality industrys expectation of education. They found that human resource challenges were playing a negative role in the development of Chinas hotel and tourism industry, the critical issue was the staff retention and human resource shortages, at the same time, the education level and the industrys expectation gap also became a thorny topic. All the organizations and the government would establish communication to enhance the graduates skills level and experiences, decrease the gap of expectation and practical operation, in order to enhance the retention rate in hotel and improve the problem of human resource shortage. According to Chinas culture, with the one-child policy, there are not enough citizens are born to supply workforce demands. In addition, the countrys relatively outdated educational system cannot lead the colleges and universities to provided outstanding human resources with types of skills in an increasingly globalized economy. One of the most important factors contributing to the high level turnover rate in hospitality industry in China is work-life balance, long hours working shift and heavy workloads instead of the technological working, especially in the front line post (Michael, 2008). The same evidence could be finding out in much of the related western hospitality and tourism industry work. Deery and Iverson (1996), Deery and Shaw (1999) and Ghiselli et al. (2001), all these research investigated the constructs like organization commitment and job satisfaction are significant elements contribute to staffs intentions to leave an organization. Additionally, work stress and pers onal attribute plays a decision role on leaving an organization (Deery M, 2008). As mentioned above, work-life balance (WLB) also is one of the influence factors that impact on the staff turnover rate in hotel (Wang and Walumbwa, 2007), while Dagger and Sweeney (2006) focus on life quality and staff turnover relationship research. 2.4 Turnover in Guangdong Province Based on the related HRM theories, such as learning organization, situational leadership, quality of working life and employee satisfaction, Chen (2007) deeply investigated the human resource management situation in one hotel in Dongguan which is a industrialized city with rapid economic growth, he got the result that no matter an international brand hotel or a local hotel, the issues of staff turnover and management brought out a series of problems in Guangdong Province. On one hand, due to the labor-intensive industry, the hospitalities have to operate with a large number of employees; On the other hand, the staffs that hard recruited were unable to retain. According to the identification of the basic turnover environment, the author analyzed the high turnover rate and the investigating the countermeasures based on the three parts: external environment, staffing department and human resource department. In Guangdong Province, many of the researchers found that training quality was a significant element on the issue of turnover in the tourism industry, especially in the hospitality industry. Dai (2005) made a hard working on doing the research about the different training approaches and quality between western countries and China, and set the Guangdongs Hotels as examples, pointed out the differences in terms of the importance of training, investment in training, training contents, training approaches and methods, and the training effectiveness and evaluation. According to Shen (2008), she also focused on investigating the important role of the training in the hospitality industry. She kept her mind on searching the hotel training effect assessment with an instance of Intercontinental Hotel in Guangdong. The author pointed out that the personnel quality would be the big issue during the management. Its meaningful influence not only present on the Human-Resource department, the whole hotel, but also on the employees themselves. One positive effect of training for the hotel, it could have a direct economic benefits, and training as an investment process on the staff. The assessment of the training can provide employees with consciousness of the hotels benefit changing based on their capacities and enhance of their senses of achievement, improved employees job satisfaction and loyalty to the hotel. According to the geographical situation in Guangdong province, its a developed area with lots of small medium enterprises as well as the hospitality industry provides a great amount of job opportunities to attract workforce from all the other provinces. It must mention that most of the workforces who live in other places go back to their hometown for the Spring Festival and its the peak period of labor-turnover (Wang, 2009). 2.5 Conclusion and research question After searching the literature with the issue of turnover in hospitality industry, and according to comparing among those researches, several similar points about the situation and reasons on the turnover can be found between Chinas hospitality industry and other countries. Although Chinas hospitality is developing with many thorny problems including staff turnover accompanied by Chinese culture. In this paper, the author aim to find out the following questions, and analyze the relationship among all the influenced factors. Accordingly, the author proposes a mode of managerial turnover cognitions set up by Carbery R. et al (Figure 1) with the purpose of helping identify the four sets of variables and define the hypotheses. The figure showed above, which identified the variables as possible of the hospitality turnover, involve Career Issues, Job Issues, Organizational Commitment and Covariates and so on. Based on the variables listed above, they can be classified into Demographic variables, Human capital variables, and Psychological variables according to this paper specific investigation of the staff turnover in the front office in hospitality. Demographic variables Age, gender and marital status are all demographic variables that influence the hospitality industry front offices staff turnover. There was a phenomenon that the a great amount of staff in front office were youth employees, almost accounts for 40% of the staff were less than 25 years old (Whiteford and Nolan 2007). And in China, in particular the loss of tourism management students of the phenomenon was particularly serious (Dou, 2009). In the research conducted by Hellman (1997), indicated that older staff was more likely represent a lower degree of mobility due to the concerned about the formal and informal benefits associated with age in the work place. On the contrary, it is important to think about whats the main reason for the highest turnover rate of the youth staff. As a result, it is hypothesized that: H1: Younger employees represent higher turnover. Human capital variables Specifically, in hotel front office, education level, working experience and salary level are related human capital variables that impact the employees turnover. Finding from human capital theory would suggest that staff with relatively higher education levels could more cognitive about their career development road relatively and could not change their current job straight away. Wong et al. (1999) found that individuals with relatively higher education levels are better informed of the external labor market and they are relatively good at comparing cons and pros with the current positions. As a result, it is hypothesized that: H2: Employees with higher levels of education attainment represent lower turnover. Psychological variables Thomas (2000) and Lamme(2005) indicated respectively working as a front line employee especially working in the front office, was a stressful job and full of challenge. Hinkin (2000) stressed the influenced factors about turnover were various, concludi