Top Purdue Annotated Bibliography Guide!

Top Purdue Annotated Bibliography Guide! You can get an annotation as brief as a sentence, but a standard annotated bibliography is composed of a citation which is later followed by a concise paragraph. Not all annotations must be the identical length. CombinationAnnotations There are annotated bibliographies that include a mixture of annotations. There are they. It is made of one paragraph, and it offers an overview of the book. Annotated bibliography template is going to be a vivid example and you are going to be able to produce an outstanding annotation with no mistakes and flaws! As stated earlier, there ought to only be one paragraph. What You Don't Know About Purdue Annotated Bibliography Using many different sources can help offer you a broader picture of what's being said about your topic. They may include a mix of scholarly and high quality trade journals. This allows you to decide from the start which sources are ideal for your study. Evaluative annotations will be able to help you learn about your topic, develop a thesis statement, decide if a particular source will be beneficial for your assignment, and determine if there's enough valid information readily available to finish your undertaking. Based on the assignment that you're working on, in some, you might be requested to summarize, reflect, analyze, critique or assess the source. A brief evaluation of whether the source is beneficial for the intention behind the research. The character of source doesn't really matter. Several IUSD courses incorporate an annotated bibliography for a class assignment. Sometimes instructors would like you to incorporate an annotated bibliography. Our service offers you few simple but helpful strategies on the best way to do an annotated bibliography which will help you to handle your task. For any more help, you always have the option to start looking for an annotated bibliography example online. Always keep in mind that your summary ought to be concise. This is achieved at the beginning of writing the bibliography. Abstracts are the descriptions that are located at the start of scholarly articles or periodical indexes. MLA style doesn't require URLs in bibliographic citations, but for an annotated bibliography, you may want to include it so it is easy to find the website again. The Benefits of Purdue Annotated Bibliography Those writers that are dealing with this citation format ought to be patient as their task isn't the easiest one. Please bear in mind that all of your text, for example, write-up beneath the citation, must be indented so the author's last name is the sole text that's flush left. There's a lot to do with formatting inside this circumstance. If you're using an appropriate example, it will be able to help you to prevent many mistakes and difficulties, and give an opportunity to give a high-quality paper. The undertaking of the author isn't to answer a particular question working with some type of experimental method, yet to take a step back and look at what's going on across many individual research projects. The author, in this instance, sees the generational gap as the principal reason for several of the controversies. The writer should use them in the most suitable fashion and tone. He is free to add footnotes at the end of a page or place them in a separate part of the paper. Even if you're employing a book, you only ought to concentrate on the sections that relate to your topic. Article abstracts help within this practice. You might locate some of your articles onweb websites, and will likely locate all your print sources via online databases, but you maynot do an analytical overview of an internet site itself. Since a short article is a typical format, you don't require a format description bracket. Instead, you need to always ask the precise requirements. The information that you include varies, based on what type of website you cite. While a lot of the formatting styles are quite alike, there continue to be some differences, which ought to be taken into consideration. There are only a few tests included. Who Else Wants to Learn About Purdue Annotated Bibliography? You start to read more critically rather than just collecting information. Locate any materials and records that may be applicable to your topic. It ought to be written concisely. Well defined boundaries ought to be carried out. Each moment there's a reference created, there ought to be a note made. Your sentence structures ought to be varied to prevent repletion of phrases. Never start on your assignment if you're not clear which type is necessary by your professor.

Literary Foils Of Pride And Prejudice By Jane Austen

â€Å"Distinguished by her sisters†: Literary Foils in Pride and Prejudice The bicycle, the tin can, the steam locomotive, exercise, and the Bennet sisters; all of these were creations that came from Regency England. All of these things have had a lasting effect on modern day society. While the Bennet sisters seem the least important, the story of their lives provides modern society with insight into how the upper class in Regency England lived. The Bennet sisters themselves are an eclectic group of girls; each one has her own distinct personality. In Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, the minor characters: Mary, Lydia, and Kitty, serve as literary foils to glorify the good traits of the major characters: Jane and Lizzy. Of the five Bennet sisters, three of them get engaged/married throughout the book. Of those three, Jane and Lizzy have happy, loving marriages. The other marriage, Lydia’s marriage, was forced due to her scandalous relationship. Jane was ecstatic to be engaged and was truly in love with her fiancà ©: â€Å"Oh! Lizzy, why am I thus singled from my family, and blessed above them all! If I could but see you as happy! If there were but such another man for you†(Austen 300). Jane, and later on Lizzy, got engaged to a wealthy upper class man who she truly loved. Lydia’s relationship did not begin as joyfully as her sisters’. Lizzy demonstrated the issues of the marriage perfectly: â€Å"How Wickham and Lydia were to be supported in tolerable independence, she could notShow MoreRelatedJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1115 Words   |  5 Pageseach one has her own distinct personality. In Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, the minor characters: Mary, Lydia, a nd Kitty, serve as literary foils to glorify the good traits of the major characters: Jane and Lizzy. Of the five Bennet sisters, three of them get engaged/married throughout the book. Of those three, Jane and Lizzy have happy, loving marriages. The other marriage, Lydia’s marriage, was forced due to her scandalous relationship. Jane was ecstatic to be engaged and was truly in loveRead MoreThe Character of Lady Catherine de Bourgh In Pride and Prejudice1175 Words   |  5 Pages Although typically overlooked by the inattentive reader, the minor character can serve a myriad of literary roles from adding to the overall story elements to distinguishing the character’s impact on the plot. In Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, minor characters play a paramount role in advancing the plot, reinforcing Austens tone, and uniquely contributing to the work as a whole. Surprisingly, the impact of a certain minor character upon the work is illuminated as well as expatiatedRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice Essay968 Words   |  4 Pagesown distinct personali ty unlike the others. In Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen the minor characters: Mary, Lydia, and Kitty, serve as literary foils to glorify the good traits of the major characters: Jane, and Lizzy. Of the five Bennet sisters, three of them get engaged/married throughout the book. Of those three Jane and Lizzy have happy, loving marriages, the other marriage, Lydia’s marriage, was forced due to her scandalous relationship. Jane was ecstatic to be engaged and was truly in loveRead MoreNervousness in the 19th Century1283 Words   |  6 Pagesaccording to Dr. George M. Beard, â€Å"strictly deficiency or lack of nerve-force† (American Nervousness, vi) in the 19th century. Nervousness at the time, was commonly acknowledged and accepted, so much so that it was written into literature, such as many of Jane Austen’s works. Many doctors considered nervousness to be a â€Å"woman’s disease† meaning that women were the most afflicted by this condition. Doctors of the 19th century have found excuses to restrict, restrain, objectify and metaphorically and literallyRead MoreMiss Mary Bennet, By Jane D. Austen1177 Words   |  5 Pagesone in the family, [ who] worked hard for knowledge and accomplishments,† (Austen 11) provides her readers with another perspective of the female sphere. Even at the Netherfield Ball, young Mary occupies herself at the piano, connecting rarely with others, and even more rarely dancing with a gentleman (Austen 48). Unlike her sisters, Mary Bennet has no preferences on males; â€Å"what are men compared to rocks and mountains† (Austen 73). Her devotions in her youth are centered in accomplishments, such as

Sample Informative Speech Plan - 625 Words

INFORMATIVE SPEECH PLAN Title: Natural Remedies for Colds Specific Speech Purpose: To inform my audience of the different ways to treat colds using natural remedies. Statement: People should learn the alternative ways in treating common ailments such as colds since medicine, nowadays, are bought at a high price. INTRODUCTION I. Attention Step: It was a lovely day at school. I was walking to the canteen with my classmates when suddenly, I sneezed, and guess what happened? I swiftly covered my face with one hand, and as I quickly ran to the comfort room, I could feel the warm, sticky liquid rolling down my poor nose. I felt curious stares from the people I passed†¦show more content†¦A. Blow your nose gently. 1. Use the proper way. Press a finger over one nostril while you blow gently to clear the other. B. Take a lot of rest. 1. Sleep, at least, seven hours a night. 2. Keep comfortably warm and protect yourself from sudden changes in temperature. C. Eat light foods. III. Some spices act as remedies in treating colds. A. Let pepper be an ingredient in the food you eat. 1. Pepper contains components which are known to thin mucus. 2. You may also gargle using warm water with pepper. B. Learn to love garlic. 1. Scientific studies have shown that the substances contained in garlic have a powerful viral effect. C. Make ginger your partner. 1. Eating ginger raw or drinking ginger tea has been proven to be effective in treating colds since the old days. 2. Investigations have discovered that the substances in ginger act specifically against cold-causing virus. CONCLUSION Summary Step: Now that you are aware of the so-called natural remedies in treating colds, I hope that you start saving money by minimizing the purchase of medicines sold in drugstores. And keep in mind that these natural remedies are ready any time to help you combat one of your worst enemies, colds. With them, youll surelyShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech Outline On Planning A Successful Backpacking Trip792 Words   |  4 PagesCOMM 1010: INFORMATIVE SPEECH –NOTES OUTLINE Catherine Bee COMM 1010-F16 Prof. Pack Informative Speech Draft Outline 11/15/16 Background Information Specific Goal: My audience will learn the tips and tricks to planning a successful backpacking trip Intended Audience: Beginning back-packers Pattern of Organization: I will be using an informative pattern of organization. My experience with this topic (ethos): Several years ago I took up backpacking. I have experienced a lot, and have learnedRead MorePlastic Surgery2826 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Due Date: Persuasive Outline and Speech Presentation: Due in Dropbox (Outline) and on YouTube (Video) on or before TUESDAY, October 15, 2013 (11:50PM) Assignment Details: Purpose and Information: The persuasive speech is deliberative. It employs emotion, credibility, and logic to convince an audience that a narrowly defined action is beneficial. The persuasive proposition (thesis) is generally supported by two to three main ideas which employ about two to three pieces of evidence each.Read MoreBloom and Gagnes Instructional Theories1087 Words   |  5 Pages Learning Theories: A Comparative Analysis of Bloom’s Taxonomy and Gagnà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Conditions of Learning Abstract This paper explores how Bloom’s Taxonomy and Gagnà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Conditions of Learning are used in the development of a lesson plan. First, the paper describes the learners for whom the lesson is prepared. Secondly, it will describe the learning environment. Lastly, it will describe the activities and elements of the lesson. Learning Theories: A Comparative Analysis of Bloom’s Taxonomy and Gagnà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢sRead MoreArt of Public Speaking5805 Words   |  24 Pagesaspects of speech preparation and presentation. Throughout The Art of Public Speaking I have followed David Hume’s advice that one â€Å"who would teach eloquence must do it chiefly by examples.† Whenever possible, I have tried to show the principles of public speaking in action in addition to describing them. Thus you will find in the book a large number of narratives and extracts from speeches--set off from the text in a contrasting typeface. There are also many speech outlines and sample speechesRead MoreI Am Taking Four Non Challenging Classes Essay2129 Words   |  9 Pagesshort and creative breaks. Resilience is the actions I took to improve, how will check on my progress, how will I stay motivated. The actions I took to improve on my time management was buying an agenda. When I bought my agenda, I quickly wrote down plans for the week, assignments that were going to take me the longest and fastest. I pushed myself everyday to get at least 7-8 hours of sleep. I learned to say no to my friends who invited me to go to her party. The 4 LTL Thinking skills are academicRead MoreHodgkin S Lymphoma Informative Speech1969 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Informative Speech Topic: Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Organizational Pattern: Topical Specific Purpose: The purpose of this speech is to inform the audience about the disease Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and allow them to be more aware about what exactly it is, what the common symptoms are, and how to treat the disease. Thesis Statement: Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, although rare, can be fatal and it is important to be informed on the cause, symptoms, and treatments to further your awareness and provideRead MoreVegan Food Presentation1944 Words   |  8 Pagesquestion-answer part, I observed that I was still in the same level of excitement. So I believe that even though some of my classmates may not be interested in preparing vegan sushi, my passion help me to invoke sympathy from my audience. Unlike the persuasive speech, the demonstrational presentation topic must appeal the audience attention because its purpose is to teach a structure, or steps, of a task. For instance, one of the video showed in the class about how to make a peanut butter sandwich was very commonRead MoreAs part of students IEP resource program and RtI services, I provide instruction for the1400 Words   |  6 Pagesat their own level and I provide individual or small group mini-lessons to support weaker skills. I learned from experience to create quality, high interest prompts that address a real audience to teach â€Å"voice.† My format support Common Core’s informative/explanatory writing standard and engages critical thinking and motivation. To help students stretch and connect their literacy skills, I assign a â€Å"close reading† of a piece of nonfiction text that relates to the prompt. The broad goal of this lessonRead MoreGlobal Warming : Causes, Effects And Remedies1748 Words   |  7 Pagesfall in rain would naturally result in decline in crop production. Moreover, it would have great effect on biodiversity as well. The growing concerns over global temperatures have led to the nations, states, corporations and individuals to draw out a plan of action to avert the situation. As a result the world’s primary international agreement on combating global warming was reached in Kyoto in 1997 which came to be known as Kyoto Protocol. However, ten years have passed; the situation does not appearRead MoreCranes: Poetry and William Cullen Bryant1924 Words   |  8 PagesYour New Best Friend Skip to content EXTRA CREDIT FOR ALL CLASSES ESW IB Lang and Lit ↠ Paper 1 Sample TextsExaminers comments for Sample Paper 1 Essays → Paper 1 Sample Essays Posted on October 18, 2012 by tonyapaul Please read the Paper 1 Sample Texts before you read this post. Then try to write your own analysis and compare it to the following HL samples. Paper 1 HL Sample 1.1 (birds) In this comparative commentary, Cranes by Jennifer Ackerman and To a Waterfowl by

Social Inequality Reaction Paper. Yingtian Wang. . The

Social Inequality Reaction Paper Yingtian Wang The United States is certainly a culturally diverse society, as we live in this world. Age, gender, race, wealth, education and social connection are some of the diverse parts in society that creates stratification. What is social inequality? The short definition is that resources in a society are unevenly distributed according to different â€Å"categories† of people. For example, the wealth distribution in the United States shows that the top 10% people have 70% of the wealth of the country. The bottom 20% people only has about 3% of wealth. How does society structure with different classes effects social inequality? One of the way is to label society as three different classes†¦show more content†¦People work hard to own their properties, earn highly incomes, have wonderful careers, and to have long and healthy lives. These things can be defined as power indicators. However, Domhoff has excellent points on how power and wealth are more concentrated in society. Although I found it is very hard for me to understand the connection between the power elite and government. The conclusion of the reading that the top ten percent in America who have countless wealth can be extreme influential on how America is ruled. That I agree. In the Omi Winant book, Racial Formation in the U.S. mentions race and its significant affection to America. They argue about that race has been ignored as an important factor in understanding American politics and society. There are three different perspectives on American race: â€Å"ethnicity-based theory†, â€Å"class-based theory† and â€Å"nation-based theory†. Ethnicity-based theory is how we categorize people by skin color and phenotype. Most people recognize common racial categories in the United States including black, white, Asian, Latino, and Indian. Class-based theory is to overlook the power of race in social, economic and political relations. â€Å"Nation-based theory is pr imarily concerned with exploring colonialism as the

Asperger s Syndrome, Autism And Brain Anatomy - 1851 Words

Asperger’s Syndrome, Autism and Brain Anatomy Eliran Nunez Ricardo Richardson Table of Contents Outline†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....4 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...5 Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...5 Social Cognition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...6 Neurobiological Evidence†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Genetic Evidence†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 Abstract Autistic Spectrum Disorders are neurological conditions that effect an individual’s social processing and cognition. Asperger’s Syndrome is a variant of†¦show more content†¦Current research attempts to find neurobiological or genetic evidence as possible sources for ASD. Within the research and medical communities, there are disagreements as to which characteristics define an individual as having a condition within ASD. For example, the changes within the 4th and 5th editions of the American Psychiatric Association DSM, removes Asperger’s Syndrome as a condition, causing much controversy. It is this controversy about Asperger’s Syndrome significance that this review hopes to elucidate. Background: Asperger’s syndrome is on the higher-functioning spectrum of ASD. Individuals with ASP have similar social awkwardness as in other ASDs; however they are not as incapacitated. There are 3 main deficits that must be present in an individual for Autism to be diagnosed. As referenced in Woodbury-Smith and Volkmar 2009 article Asperger Syndrome: absence of cognitive, developmental or language delay in childhood. However, Asperger’s, is characterized by severe social impairments, such as restrictive and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests and activities [2] Meanwhile, Autism, as defined by the 5th edition of the DSM is, â€Å"a persistent deficit in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts† [1] there are three main deficits an individual must show in order to be diagnosed with autism. They are: deficits in social-emotional

Decision Support as Knowledge Creation

Question: Discuss about the Decision Support as Knowledge Creation. Answer: Introduction The reported study has been developed to support a relocation decision of a manager of Toyota Motor Corporations Melbourne Manufacturing Plant, Australia to a sister plant located in the United States of America. As a Human Resource Manager, it is the responsibility to identify the current scenario of the car industry in the US. Precisely, through the identification of the impact of Donald Trumps presidency on the business industry and the economy, the existing environmental analysis of automobile industry in the US has been briefed. The background briefing report will be evident for the manager to identify the differences in the employee relations and human resource management (Hertwig 2015, p. 331). By outlining the differences of the human resource management issues and employment relations in the US and Australia, the influencing factors affecting the working life of the manager will be illustrated. The relocation decision of the manager to the US manufacturing plant in 2017 must be handled effectively so that the expatriate employee will deliver premium working quality in the foreign country i.e. the US. By order of the management, the reported study has been described to investigate the current environment analysis of the automotive industry in the US as well as Australia. In addition, the study will evaluate the leading HRM issues and employment relations issues that must be taken into consideration by the expatriate manager at the new located manufacturing plant of Toyota Motor Corporation in the US (Kehoe 2017, p. 22). The analysis of the study will be helpful for the expatriate manager to understand the difference of HR issues and employment relations issues in the US to that of in Australia. According to the outcome of the analysis, the manager needs to outline his job responsibilities to fit in the new workplace. To make the expatriate operation successful, the background briefing report will be essential to provide significant information to the manager who will be relocated in the US-based manufacturing plant of Toyota Motor Corporation. Analysis of automobile industry in the USA The vehicle manufacturing industry in the United States of America has been primarily affected by the policies of the US President, Donald Trump. On a bigger perspective, the political condition and the policies of the US president will be the defining factors for automakers in the US market. Recently, most of the leading automobile manufacturers operating in the US car industry have been reluctant to set up new manufacturing plants (Evans 2017, p. 2). Alternatively, the latest policies, safety guidelines, and improved business environment can support the business proceedings of the automakers. In the other hand, flattening sales figure of the automobile industry has been another reason for the US automakers to increase the production plants in the territory (Garcia 2017). Evidently, the efficiency of the motor industry in the US can boost the GDP growth creating a positive outlook for the economy in the upcoming years. Impact of Donald Trump on the US Automobile Sector The new Republican president of the United States of America has urged the leading automakers of the country to increase production line within the US territory so that the employment condition in the US will be boosted. The policies of Donald Trump are directed to create a number of jobs for Americans counterparts (Dawson 2017). Reportedly, the economic, as well as trading policies of the new president of America can be the biggest opportunity for the automakers in the US. The president has vowed that leading automakers must concentrate on manufacturing automotive in the country rather that developing manufacturing plans elsewhere. Admittedly, such policy of Trump will benefit the US automakers for sure (OSullivan Turner 2013, p. 701). Notably, in the upcoming years, the job-creating president, Donald Trump will increase the pressure on the US automakers to increase production in the US plants. Furthermore, Trump has vowed to the cut taxes and statutory regulations imposed on the U S car industry to make the sector more attractive for automobile manufacturing corporations (Greacen Chou 2015, p. 387). By considering the policies of Donald Trump, the operations of motor manufacturing companies will be affected in a great deal. Analysis of automobile industry in Australia The Australian automobile industry is shifting gear on a rapid scale as the sale of the automotive is up by 2 percent on a yearly basis. During the year 2016, the car industry in Australia has registered strong growth due to increase in demand from the target demographics. According to the report, the SUV category sale is up by 8 percent as Toyota Motor Corporation is the leader of the pack. In 2016-17 financial years, Toyota, Holden, and Ford have decided to shut down their Australian manufacturing plants. Therefore, the production of Australian-made automotive has reduced. Basically, the growth of the demand in the car industry has made a massive impact on the car sales. Reportedly, most of the Australian states such as New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, and Tasmania have witnessed an increase in automotive sales. Notably, sound economic growth factors and improved financial status of the Australians have increased the growth of the automobile industry in the country. Precisely, the number of manufacturing plants has been decreased in the recent years. Leading to the event, Japan and Thailand have become two major sources of automobiles for the targeted Australian market. As a result of that, the production of cars in Australia has slumped (Cornette Pontier 2012, p. 177). Meanwhile, the sales of the automotive industry have picked up in a recent couple of years whereas the car manufacturing in Australia has declined. By considering the current market analysis, most of the leading car manufacturers operating in the Australian market have concentrated on sales in Australia rather than setting up new manufacturing units in the target locations. HRM issues in the United States Modern factors of globalisation have led to different HRM issues to the context of the target market. For instance, the HRM issues in the United States of America will be different to that Australia. Therefore, an analysis of the HRM issues in the United States of America has been discussed in the study to identify the leading aspects of management practices and workplace policies of the US based companies (Barkin 2016, p. 886). Leading to the event of HRM issues, being a developed country, the HR challenges are different in the United States. First of all, the improved labour market condition and technological development in the US market can be difficult for the management of the US-based firms to select the best talents. Meanwhile, the expatriate manager needs to be smart enough to select the most efficient workers (Joetan Kleiner 2014, p. 51). On the other hand, impact of the economic indicators around the country can be identified another substantial issue in HRM. Based on the GDP growth rate, inflation, unemployment rate, and economic policies, hiring decisions and HR decisions have to be modified according to the demand of the day. Most importantly, diversity management due to globalisation has become one of the most crucial challenges for managers in US-based organisations. Alternatively, data-driven human resource practices and policies have replaced the conventional strategy making of HR in the US business environment. By using efficient software to generate key data and information, managers have made decisions to complete hiring of new talents, compensation and benefits, and employee retention planning. Precisely, in-depth analysis and use of modern metrics must be used by the professional managers to evaluate the performance of the employees. Therefore, the expatriate manager must identify such functional differences used in the US companies (Brondoni 2013). In addition, the role of union and employee contracts must be analysed based on the legal frameworks. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the managers to identify the employee bargaining contracts and labour laws associated with the workforce to avoid any legal obstacles. Significantly, demographic changes have created a common issue in HRM. For instance, ageing workers, individual role of t he employees, and responsibility towards the job position must be rightly identified by the managers to make the correct decision at the right time (Pethokoukis 2016, p. 15). Hence, it is important for a manager shifting to a new production facility in the USA to observe and understand the HRM issues for effectively working in the new environment. Employment Rations Issues in the United States The changes in the employment relations have been a major subject of discussion in different industrial nations such as the United States. It is important for a manager to be aware of the different local, states and federal laws and doctrines that governs the employment relationship in automobile industry of the United States (Chawinga Chipeta 2017, p. 33). For example, the manager must know about the National Labour Relations Act, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Americans with Disabilities Act, the Fair Labour Standards Act, the Family and Medical Leave Act, the Equal Pay Act and several other employment relationship rules and regulations that controls the employment market in the country (Deakins, 2016). Arguably, the above stated laws are quite mandatory for an organisation to legally operate in the US market. According to the current market scenario, unionise activities can be highly evident in the US automobile market due to the growing intervention of the political powers (Deakins, 2016). Hence, there is a need of developing collective bargaining agreements with the labour union to minimise any sort of workplace conflicts. On the other hand, any sort of discrimination in the terms of age, disability, religion and gender is not tolerated in the US automobile market. There are several laws governing the discrimination of employees at workplace that must be maintained while developing the HRM policies (Ritchie, Komo, Ngugi 2013, p. 86). The Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employers from refusing to hire, discriminate or discharge an individual in terms of colour, race, sex, religion, and national origin. On the other hand, there are several states that mandate additional regulations over the federal laws. Furthermore, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act prohibits employers from discriminating and discharging employees on the basis of their age (Deakins, 2016). Furthermore, the Family and Medical Leave Act protect the rights of the employees to take leave in case of emergencies and medical problems. Additionally, the Fair Labour Standards Act makes its mandatory for the employers in the automobile sector to provide statutorily prescribed minimum wages to all its employees without any discrimination. Hence, it is important for the manager to know and understand the current regulatory frameworks governing the employment relations in the US automobile market. Furthermore, the manager must have proper knowledge of the current government policies in order to effectively manage the workforce in the sister manufacturing plant of Toyota in the United States (Casadesus-Masanell Zhu 2012, p. 477). Therefore, it is important for the manager to understand the legal issues to effectively work in the United States of America. Comparison of the United States and Australia By considering the above analysis, it can be seen that the competition in the Automobile industry in the Australia is at its peak due to the increasing invasion of the foreign companies. On the other hand, the foreign firms have good opportunity in the Australian market to expand their businesses (Vlasic Boudette 2017, p. 20). On the other hand, the current situation in the US market is quite difficult to handle due to the changing laws and policies of the federal government. The company needs to offer employment opportunities to the local people to survive and smoothly operate in the US market (Lippert 2017, p. 37). On the other hand, the management must consider the changing employment laws to keep the company safe from legal obligations. Furthermore, the cost of labour in the US market is continuously increasing in the recent years, which is expected to increase to around a minimum of $15 per hour in the upcoming years. On the other hand, the minimum wage rate in the Australian market is around $17.70 per hour that is quite lower than the US market (Nuttall, 2017). Furthermore, the US government will provide subsidiaries to the automobile manufacturers to develop manufacturing plants in the US market. Hence, the US market has a better growth potential in the future as compared to the Australian market (Steiger 2010, p. 33). But, the manager needs to consider the legal obligations and current trend in the employment relations and HRM practices to effectively manage the operations of the firm. Recommendation On the basis of the above analysis, the following recommendations are suggested to the expatriate manager to effectively work in the automobile manufacturing plant in the United States of America. Focus on legal frameworks: The manager must focus on the legal frameworks that guide the employment relations and HRM practices in the automobile sector. The consideration of the rules and regulations will keep the manager safe from legal conflicts and help him to maintain harmony and peace at workplace. Develop International HRM knowledge: On the other hand, the manager must develop international HRM knowledge to understand the HRM issues in the automobile sector of the United States and develop skills and competencies to cope up with the problems. Focus on industry based HRM practices: Furthermore, the manager must focus on the industry based HRM practices used by other companies in the US market to develop effective HRM policies. On the other hand, it will help the manager to effectively manage the HRM issues and employment relations in the US market. Follow-up the current trend: Finally, the manager must follow-up the current trend in the US labour market to effectively manage the HRM operations of the firm. The current trend will help the organisation to meet the growing competition in the market and seek better market positioning. Conclusion By considering the above analysis, there is several differences between the HRM practices used by the automobile companies in the United States and Australia. On the other hand, the economic policies of the US government have changed in the recent years that may make it difficult for the new manager to effectively work in the new market. Additionally, there are several rules and regulations that guide the employment relations in the United States of America. Hence, it is important for the manager to understand the laws and policies of the government to effectively manage the operations of the sister manufacturing plant in the United States of America. The manager must focus on providing adequate jobs to the Americans and develop good employment relations with his employees to seek growth in the new market. Finally, the manager must develop international HRM knowledge to control the diverse workforce effectively. Conclusively, the manager must understand the differences between the HR M practices of the automobile manufacturers in the United States and Australia to successfully perform his job. References Barkin, S, 2016, Shifting Gears: Changing Labor Relations in the U.S. Automobile Industry,Journal Of Economic Issues,vol.20, no. 3, pp. 875-881. Brondoni, S, 2013, Innovation and Imitation for Global Competitive Strategies, The Corporation Development Models of US, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan,Symphony Emerging Issues In Management, (1). Casadesus-Masanell, R, Zhu, F 2012, Business model innovation and competitive imitation: The case of sponsor-based business models,Strategic Management Journal,vol.34, no. 4, pp. 464-482. Chawinga, W, Chipeta, G 2017, A synergy of knowledge management and competitive intelligence,Business Information Review,vol.34, no. 1, pp. 25-36. Cornette, G, Pontier, S 2012, Transactional marketing versus relationship marketing: the US automobile market evolution,International Journal Of Automotive Technology And Management,vol.2, no. 2, pp. 177. Dawson, A 2017,Trump Says No Way to Toyota Plant in Mexico,WSJ. Retrieved April 2017, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-says-no-way-to-toyota-plant-in-mexico-1483643183 Deakins, O 2016,Managing the employment relationship in the United States, Lexology.com. Retrieved April 2017, from https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=4a5227d0-a1da-439b-baa3-475478a5ad7b Evans, S 2017, Toyota to axe 2600 jobs when car-making stops on October 3, Australian Financial Review, 1 February, p. 2. Garcia, F 2017,Donald Trump just threatened one of the world's biggest companies,The Independent. Retrieved April 2017, from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-toyota-baja-california-plant-jobs-twitter-latest-a7511981.html Greacen, J, Chou, D 2015, Offshore outsourcing impact: an analysis of the US automobile industry,International Journal Of Management And Enterprise Development,vol.2, no. 4, pp. 387. Hertwig, M 2015, European Works Councils and the crisis: change and resistance in cross-border employee representation at Honda and Toyota, British Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 326349. Joetan, E, Kleiner, B 2014, Incentive practices in the US automobile industry, Management Research News,vol.27, no. 7, pp. 49-56. Kehoe, J 2017, Trumponomics: Wall St or economists wrong, Australian Financial Review, 30 January, p. 22. Lippert, J 2017, The new White House seriously tests Toyota, Australian Financial Review, 27 January, p. 37. Nuttall, S 2017,2016 Vehicle Sales Trends in the Australian Automotive Market, Acaresearch.com.au. Retrieved April 2017, from https://www.acaresearch.com.au/australian-market-research-blog/are-we-reaching-peak-automotive-in-australia-a-review-of-2016-vehicle-sales OSullivan, M Turner, T 2013, Facilitators and inhibitors of collective action: a case study of a US-owned manufacturing plant, British Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 689-708. Pethokoukis, J 2016, Downsides of Trumps Carrier deal, Australian Financial Review, 3-4 December, p. 15. Ritchie, G, Komo, L, Ngugi, I 2013, Key success factors of small businesses,International Journal Of Business And Globalisation,vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 86. Steiger, D 2010, Decision Support as Knowledge Creation,International Journal Of Business Intelligence Research,vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 29-47. Vlasic, B Boudette, N 2017, Carmakers react to Trump threats, Australian Financial Review, 11 January, p. 20.

Air Pollution and Its Impact on Public Health

Question: Discuss about the Air Pollution and Its Impact on Public Health . Answer: Introduction Air pollution is a global issue, confronting the humanity nowadays, and is worsening every minute. The contamination of the atmosphere, subsequent to the accumulation of air pollutants, creates far reaching health hazards to humans and other biodiversities, changing the climatic conditions altogether. The primary air pollutants and the ozone like compounds, impact upon human health, leading to several deadly diseases (Ali Haruna 2015). In India, the air quality is the worst, making it a choice of life and death for an estimated 66-million people (Chauhan 2015), and taking the lives of another half a million premature, every year (Harvey 2016). Hyderabad, which is one of the fast developing major cities in India, is facing acute air pollution crisis, due to the combustion of biomass that emits air Toxics, endangering public health (CSE 2011). This paper identifies the components and sources of air pollution and explains how severe is the air pollution in Hyderabad is, and evaluates t he measures in force for overcoming the problem. Air pollution: Gloal Scenario Clean air is an essential element for improving human health and welfare (Pozzer et al. 2012). Newer technologies, industries, transportation, urbanization, and the ever increasing amenities are all conceived and put to use for the sake of human well-being (Riffat 2016 WHO 2008). But the mega cities where these developments are concentrated have become the localized pollution centers (Pozzer et al. 2012), resulting in air pollution impacted health problems, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, emphysema, asthma, and the likes (Ali Haruna 2015). The death toll account, due to air pollution, in the last century began in London, in the year 1952, when the Great Smog formed out of the stagnant and humid airborne pollutants failed to penetrate the clouds, resulting in the death of nearly 8000 infants and aged people. Burning of solid fuels, such as coal in factories and homes was the main cause of the disaster (EEA 2013). Back in India, in 1984, an industrial gas leakage disaster at the Union Carbide Corporations chemical plant in Bhopal caused 8,000 deaths, and incapacitated thousands more, inflicting permanent injuries. In the present times, air pollution is the fourth main lethal health risk worldwide (Thakur 2016). Primary and Secondary Pollutants The life on earth is supported by the atmosphere, consisting of a vibrant system of gases, and shrinking of the ozone layer will harm human health, as well as the ecological systems (Ali Haruna 2015). Because of the rapid industrial growth, various gaseous emissions, like Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM), known as primary pollutants, are being released into the atmosphere. These and several other anthropogenic emissions, then undergo chemical reactions in the atmosphere to become new pollutants, called secondary pollutants. Both the primary and secondary pollutants put human health at risk (TERI 2015). Sources of Primary and Secondary Pollutants The main sources of air pollution are industrial processes, solid waste combustion, heat and power production, and the transport engines. The burning of hydrocarbon fuels, like petrol and gasoline in transport vehicles and airplanes generate numerous primary air pollutants, including particulates of lead. The sunlight stimulates nitrogen oxides to combine with hydrocarbons to form secondary pollutants (Ali Haruna 2015). Frequent exposure to these air pollutants will result in adverse health effects. Air pollution in India The air quality in the Indian cities has deteriorated in proportion to the rate of increase in population growth, rapid industrialization and greater vehicle use (TERI 2015). Millions of families are frequently exposed to higher levels of particulates, by burning wood, dung and other organic substances for cooking and heating, which contributes to the poor air quality to a great extent (UBC 2016). Usage of fossil fuels in transportation, power production, industries, and other activities is mostly responsible for the urban air pollution. In rural India, the dependency on traditional biomass for cooking and heating contributes to indoor air pollution. Estimates show that 70% of the Indian population still depend on firewood, cow dung, coal, etc., for cooking and 32% rely on kerosene for lighting needs. Lack of sufficient ambient air monitoring data and air pollution source information are detrimental to the Integrated air quality management (AQM) for combating these problems (TERI 201 5). Air Pollution problems in Hyderabad Hyderabad, the capital city of Andhra Pradesh in India, is a 400 year old city of historical importance. The city is fast growing with a population density of 17,000 people per km2, and includes the satellite districts under the Hyderabad Urban Development Area. The air quality of Hyderabad is challenged by the increased demand for transportation, manufacturing estates, and construction sectors (Guttikunda et al. 2012). The urban growth and the resultant poorer air quality, have put public health at risk due to the high incidents of respiratory problems (Tejaswi 2015). According to the Central Pollution Control Board, tiny particles PM2.5 level, which is about 1.3 times above the normal is getting inside the lungs. Though the national ambient air quality standards have achieved changes in the air quality status of a few locations, the air toxics like benzene have gone beyond the permissible limit. As a result, the air pollution linked ailments have recorded highest PM1 and PM10 levels in such zones. The 21 air quality monitoring stations located in Hyderabad constantly monitor sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter (PM) sized below PM10. Other components under limited scale are Carbon monoxide (CO), ozone, lead, benzene, arsenic, and nickel (CSE 2011). Real-time Air Quality Index on a typical day at Hyderabad US Consulate 89 Moderate Updated on Saturday 19:00 Temp.:28C Current Past 48 hours data Min Max PM2.5AQI 89 46 134 Current Past 48 hours data Min Max Temp. 28 23 29 Pressure 961 961 964 Humidity 68 67 87 Source: Map data, 2016, Google In spite of the constant monitoring, the killer particulates are precipitating serious air quality concern. Most of the other locations, namely Paradise, Charminar, Uppasl, etc., have recorded PM10 annual average levels, between 106 to 119 microgram per cubic meter, which is critical as per the CPCBs air quality classification. The annual average trends do not reflect the real amount of pollution exposure on a daily basis. These variations in particulate matter levels continue to increase, demanding more aggressive interventions to retain its breathing space (CSE 2011). Air pollution sources in Hyderabad The source apportionment study in Hyderabad listed transportation, industries, and waste burning as critical sources of particulate matter (PM) pollution in the city. The sector-specific emissions relating to the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation area, during the period 20102011, reported by Guttikunda Kopakka (2014) was 42,600t of PM10(PM size 10m), 24,500t of PM2.5(PM size 2.5m), 11,000t of sulfur dioxide, 127,000t of nitrogen oxides, 431,000t of carbon monoxide, 113,400t of non-methane volatile organic compounds, and 25.2 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions (Guttikunda Kopakka 2014). According to them, the above list was separated spatially at 0.01 resolution for a chemical transport model (ATMoS). The urban area concentration, as per the Guttikunda Kopakka (2014) was 105.228.6g/m3for PM10and 72.618.0g/m3for PM2.5, when overlaid on gridded population. This resulted in the premature death of 3,700 people and asthma attacks for another 280,000 persons in 20102011 (Gutt ikunda Kopakka 2014). The analysis confirms a need for the implementation of aggressive pollution controls to limit pollution in Hyderabad. Such measures, if adopted, will reduce the excess exposure levels in the affected areas. Measures like enhancing public transportation, integrating road and metro-rails, supporting walking and cycling, introducing efficient technologies in industries, and augmenting waste management will bring better outcomes in public health benefits, while reducing economic costs (Guttikunda Kopakka 2014). Environmental issues associated with air pollution The present population of Hyderabad pays the least concern to nature, and are regularly rejecting calls to protect the environment. They are not involved in resource allocation decisions, public opinions, and policy making (The Energy and Resources Institute 2013). The people are still unaware of the fact that the suspended particles carrying sulfur compounds are chemically reactive, with the potential to impact upon the environment. The TSPM in 2010 was 267.5, and in 2012 it reached a record 287, damaging the heritage sites, like Charminar and Lad Bazaar. Higher levels of PM10 pose greater threats to humans and the monuments (Rohit 2013). Humans have been sending different types of chemical compounds into the air through burning fossil fuels and running power plants and automobiles. These produce sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and other pollutants that go up in the atmosphere. When rain or water particles come into contact with the higher percentage of these alkaline chemicals, the precipitation will become more acidic, causing acid rain, that harms humans and the whole environment (THE HANS INDIA 2015). Impact of Air Pollution on Health inHyderabad Air pollutants, like particulate matter will damage human health. A recent study has revealed that PM10exposure was responsible for the increase of mortality and morbidity rate in the area. The Concentration Response (CR) analysis based on the previous epidemiological studies, Human Capital Approach (HCA), and the Cost of Illness (COI) approach have proved that the transportation sector contributed 70% of the total air emissions inHyderabad. Places where the transportation facilities have been low, accorded a reduced level of PM10 concentrations to 1/3rd, recording significant improvement in mortality and incidences of CVD, as well as other lung diseases (Institute of Health Systems n.d.) Another report of Baseerat (2013) reveals that 20% of lung cancer mortality in the city are due to exposure to higher levels of carcinogenic agent contaminated air, and this relates to the rise in lung cancer in nonsmokers. The diesel smoke that grips the city will continue health hazards even for the future generations (Baseerat 2013). Chronic exposure to this sort of air pollution increases CVD and lung cancer risks. It alters immunity and causes chromosomal damage in people. The rise in the prevalence of depression and neurobehavioral illnesses is associated with the high PM10 61 - 90 g/m3 level air pollution in Hyderabad. Burning sensation, blurred vision, drunken feeling, depression, and forgetfulness are some of the symptoms attributed to neurobehavioral problems associated with air pollution (Ray Lahiri 2009). Tackling the Air Pollution problems (i) General Solution: Air quality in Hyderabad is much above the ambient air quality standards at national level. In order to reduce the levels of PM at the monitoring stations in commercial, industrial, and residential settings, at a level below the national ambient standard of 60 g/m3, stringent measures are required. The measures adopted must limit road dust and waste burning, and at the same time execute technological and institutional improvements in industrial and transport sectors for optimizing efficacies (Rao et al. 2016). The increased use of privately owned vehicles in the crowded areas of Chikkadapally, Paradise, Madhapur, Charminar, Punjagutta, Sanathnagar, Sainikpuri, Uppal, Jubilee Hills, etc., should be curtailed, and instead, deliberately promote the public transport system usage, by giving incentives. Turning off the engines, while waiting at signal points, and fixing CNG gas kit, as well as persuasion to walking and cycling can improve the situation (Hyderabad India Online 2016). Using public transportation, utilizing energy efficient devices, conserving energy, reusing things by recycling, and adopting clean energy technologies, like solar, wind and geothermal devices will lower the severity of air pollution problems (Rinkesh 2016). (ii) Policy making and infrastructure solutions: Policy makers can frame rules and regulations for effective management of air pollution at institutional and individual levels. Implementation of extensive ambient air quality-monitoring stations throughout the city can help the government in taking timely preventive measures to tackle air pollution problems at the point of source (APPCB 2016). The pharmaceutical companies should use effective effluent monitoring system to treat the wastewater before releasing it into the rivulets. The government must penalize the factory management heavily, if they violate the directions. Strict and error proof vigilance is required to ensure compliance (Kumar 2015). For meeting clean air and taking the initial gains, the second generation action needs to be instituted in public transport, following the first one. Adoption of leapfrog technology roadmap, along with the mobility transition roadmap and upscale public transport, will act as an effective modal shift in devising the motorized and non motorized transport systems. Integrating the citys formal and informal intermediate public transport (IPT) is another step to improve the flexibility of travel trips and reducing the mass shift towards personal vehicles in short distance commuting. All forms of transport must be coordinated to maximize the access, focusing on the JNNURM fund flow strictly, for improving the transportation system only (CSE 2011). Accelerating institutional reforms for facilitating the City Mobility Plan will bring positive results in integrated planning. It is beneficial for getting better land-use and mobility, and in achieving the required air quality and environmental gains. Building feasible and credible databases for fulfilling policy actions and conducting regular surveys for knowing the trends in fuel use, mode, and performance indicators can solve the transportation problems, considerably. The firm implementation of the second generation reforms will make the city cleaner for people, saving them from killer pollution, congestion, and global warming (CSE 2011). Conclusion Air pollution is a global issue confronting the humanity. The contamination of the air by the accumulation of primary and secondary pollutants contributes to air pollution, causing health hazards to humans and ecosystems. In India, the air pollution problem is acute and alarming, and is taking a death toll of 645,000 Indians every year, according to the latest report of the World Health Organization. The report is a warning sign to the Indian policy makers about their incompetency in tackling the air pollution problem. The fast urbanization and rapid population growth in India are responsible for this human made hazard. The major cities in India, like Delhi and Hyderabad are the most hit. The fundamental causes of air pollution in Hyderabad are the unrestricted and irresponsible using of privately owned vehicles and public transport system. Other sectors like, petrochemical industries and construction proceeds are also contributing factors to escalating air pollution problems. The mode of relying on biomass materials for cooking and heating is a subtle cause of air pollution. Lack of awareness and motivation on the part of the individuals and their opposition to legislative measures against air pollution, and the inert governmental machinery make things worse. The air pollution in Hyderabad impacts heavily upon the health of the city dwellers and poses challenges to the environment, damaging the several monuments and structures of heritage. Regarding the health of people, air pollution results in cancer, respiratory diseases and mental illnesses. Thousands of people are becoming victims of this problem. Several studies have revealed that if the air pollution is not curtailed immediately, the entire population will be at risk in the near future. Moreover, it will affect the coming generation too. The government has sought stringent measures to cope with this problem. Installation of air quality monitoring stations at various air polluted points in the city, with the help of international agencies is a major step in this regard. It is supposed that through an effective and regular monitoring of the air quality, the air pollution problem in Hyderabad could be solved by maintaining the national ambient standard of air quality. But, the public awareness and their readiness to cooperate, by desisting themselves from the regular use of personal vehicles, are the most wanting. That means, developing a willingness to rely on a streamlined public transport system, and a change in their lifestyle for accelerating the combat. Additionally, nurturing a liking to walking and cycling, together with lowering the use of biomass for combustion are a few of the many ways that alleviate the hazards of air pollution. Reference List Ali, LG Haruna, A 2015, Effects of Primary Air Pollutants on Human Health and Control Measures-A Review Paper, International Journal of Innovative Research Development, Vol 4, Issue 9. Available from: www.ijird.com. [8 October 2016]. Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB) 2016, Air Quality Monitoring. Available from: https://appcb.ap.nic.in/ambient-air-monitoring/ [8 October 2016]. Baseerat, B 2013, 20% lung cancer caused by air pollution, Times of India. Available from: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/20-lung-cancer-caused-by-air-pollution/articleshow/25614900.cms [8 October 2016]. Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) 2011, Citizens report: Air Quality and Moility Challenges in Hyderabad. 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